Multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays using pixels having fringe field amplifying regions

ABSTRACT

A multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal display that does not require physical features on the substrate (such as protrusions and ITO slits) is disclosed. Each pixel of the MVA LCD is subdivided into color components, which are further divided into color dots. Each pixel also contains fringe field amplifying regions that separate the color dots of a pixel. The voltage polarity of the color dots and fringe field amplifying regions are arranged so that fringe fields in each color dot causes multiple liquid crystal domains in each color dot. Specifically, the color dots and fringe field amplifying regions of the display are arranged so that neighboring polarized elements have opposite polarities.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims thebenefit of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/018,675(Publication Serial Number US 2008/0291348 A1), entitled “Pixels HavingPolarity Extension Regions for Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment LiquidCrystal Displays” by Hiap L. Ong, filed Jan. 23, 2008, which isincorporated herein in its entirety by reference. U.S. Utility patentSer. No. 12/018,675 is a Continuation-In-Part of and claims the benefitof U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/751,454 (Publicationserial number US 2008/0002072 A1), entitled “Pixels Using Associated DotPolarity for Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment Liquid Crystal Displays” byHiap L. Ong, filed May 21, 2007.

The present application is also a Continuation-In-Part of and claims thebenefit of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/751,454(Publication serial number US 2008/0002072 A1), entitled “Pixels UsingAssociated Dot Polarity for Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment LiquidCrystal Displays” by Hiap L. Ong, filed May 21, 2007, which isincorporated herein in its entirety by reference. U.S. Utility patentapplication Ser. No. 11/751,454 claimed the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/799,815, entitled “Multi-domain verticalalignment liquid crystal display with row inversion drive scheme”, byHiap L. Ong, filed on May 22, 2006; U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/799,815, entitled “Multi-domain Vertical Alignment liquidcrystal display with row inversion drive scheme”, by Hiap L. Ong, filedMay 22, 2006; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.60/799,843, entitled “Method To Conversion of Row Inversion To HaveEffective Pixel Inversion Drive Scheme”, by Hiap L. Ong, filed May 22,2006.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Morespecifically, the present invention relates large-pixel multi-domainvertical alignment LCDs, which can be manufactured with smoothsubstrates.

2. Discussion of Related Art

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which were first used for simplemonochrome displays, such as calculators and digital watches, havebecome the dominant display technology. LCDs are used routinely in placeof cathode ray tubes (CRTs) for both computer displays and televisiondisplays. Various drawbacks of LCDs have been overcome to improve thequality of LCDs. For example, active matrix displays, which have largelyreplaced passive matrix displays, reduce ghosting and improveresolution, color gradation, viewing angle, contrast ratios, andresponse time as compared to passive matrix displays.

However, the primary drawbacks of conventional twisted nematic LCDs arethe very narrow viewing angle and low contrast ratio. Even the viewingangle of active matrixes is much smaller than the viewing angle for CRT.Specifically, while a viewer directly in front of an LCD receives a highquality image, other viewers to the side of the LCD would not receive ahigh quality image. Multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystaldisplays (MVA LCDs) were developed to improve the viewing angle andcontrast ratio of LCDs. FIGS. 1( a)-1(c) illustrate the basicfunctionality of a pixel of a vertical alignment LCD 100. For clarity,the LCD of FIG. 1 uses only a single domain. Furthermore, for clarity,the LCDs of FIGS. 1( a)-1(c) (and FIG. 2) described in terms of grayscale operation.

LCD 100 has a first polarizer 105, a first substrate 110, a firstelectrode 120, a first alignment layer 125, liquid crystals 130, asecond alignment layer 140, a second electrode 145, a second substrate150, and a second polarizer 155. Generally, first substrate 110 andsecond substrate 150 are made of a transparent glass. First electrode120 and second electrode 145 are made of a transparent conductivematerial such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). First alignment layer 125 andsecond alignment layer 140, which are typically made of a polyimide (PI)layer, align liquid crystals 130 vertically in a resting state. Inoperation, a light source (not shown) sends light from beneath firstpolarizer 105, which is attached to first substrate 110. First polarizer105 is generally polarized in a first direction and second polarizer155, which is attached to second substrate 150, is polarizedperpendicularly to first polarizer 105. Thus, light from the lightsource would not pass through both first polarizer 105 and secondpolarizer 155 unless the light polarization is rotated by 90 degreesbetween first polarizer 105 and second polarizer 155. For clarity, veryfew liquid crystals are shown. In actual displays, liquid crystals arerod like molecules, which are approximately 5 angstroms in diameter and20-25 angstroms in length. Thus, there are over 12 million liquidcrystal molecules in a pixel that is 120 μm width by 300 μm length by 3μm height.

In FIG. 1( a), liquid crystals 130 are vertically aligned. In thevertical alignment, liquid crystals 130 would not rotate lightpolarization from the light source. Thus, light from the light sourcewould not pass through LCD 100 and gives a completely optical blackstate and a very high contrast ratio for all color and all cell gap.Consequently MVA LCDs provide a big improvement on the contrast ratioover the conventional low contrast twisted nematic LCDs. However, asillustrated in FIG. 1( b), when an electric field is applied betweenfirst electrode 120 and second electrode 145, liquid crystals 130reorientate to a tilted position. Liquid crystals in the tilted positionrotate the polarization of the polarized light coming through firstpolarizer 105 by ninety degrees so that the light can then pass throughsecond polarizer 155. The amount of tilting, which controls the amountof light passing through the LCD (i.e., brightness of the pixel), isproportional to the strength of the electric field. Generally, a singlethin-film-transistor (TFT) is used for each pixel. However for colordisplays, a separate TFT is used for each color component (typically,Red, Green, and Blue)

However, the light passing through LCD 120 is not uniform to viewers atdifferent viewing angles. As illustrated in FIG. 1( c), a viewer 172that is left of center would see a bright pixel because the broad (lightrotating) side of liquid crystals 130 face viewer 172. A viewer 174 thatis centered on the pixel would see a gray pixel because the broad sideof liquid crystals 130 is only partially facing viewer 174. A viewer 176that is right of center would see a dark pixel because the broad side ofliquid crystals 130 is barely facing viewer 176.

Multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays (MVA LCDs) weredeveloped to improve the viewing angle problems of single-domainvertical alignment LCDs. FIG. 2 illustrates a pixel of a multi-domainvertical alignment liquid crystal display (MVA LCD) 200. MVA LCD 200includes a first polarizer 205, a first substrate 210, a first electrode220, a first alignment layer 225, liquid crystals 235, liquid crystals237, protrusions 260 s, a second alignment layer 240, a second electrode245, a second substrate 250, and a second polarizer 255. Liquid crystals235 form the first domain of the pixel and liquid crystals 237 form thesecond domain of the pixel. When an electric field is applied betweenfirst electrode 220 and second electrode 245, protrusions 260 causeliquid crystals 235 to tilt in a different direction than liquidcrystals 237. Thus, a viewer 272 that is left of center would see theleft domain (liquid crystals 235) as black and the right domain (liquidcrystals 237) as white. A viewer 274 that is centered would see bothdomains as gray. A viewer 276 that is right of center would see the leftdomain as white and the right domain as black. However, because theindividual pixels are small, all three viewers would perceive the pixelas being gray. As explained above, the amount of tilting of the liquidcrystals is controlled by the strength of the electric field betweenelectrodes 220 and 245. The level of grayness perceived by the viewerdirectly related to the amount of tilting of the liquid crystals. MVALCDs can also be extended to use four domains so that the LC orientationin a pixel is divided into 4 major domains to provide wide symmetricalviewing angles both vertically and horizontally.

Thus, multi-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays, providewide symmetrical viewing angles, however, the cost of manufacturing MVALCDs are very high due to the difficulty of adding protrusions to thetop and bottom substrates and the difficulty of properly aligning theprotrusions on the top and bottom substrates. Specifically, a protrusionon the bottom substrate must be located at the center of two protrusionson the top substrate; any misalignment between the top and bottomsubstrates will reduce the product yield. Other techniques of usingphysical features to the substrates, such as ITO slits, which have beenused in place of or in combination with the protrusions, are also veryexpensive to manufacture. Furthermore, the protrusions and ITO slitsinhibit light transmission and thus reduce the brightness of the MVALCDs. Hence, there is a need for a method or system that can providemulti-domain vertical alignment liquid crystal displays, without theneed for difficult to manufacture physical features such as protrusionsand ITO-slits, and without the need to have ultra precise alignment ofthe top and bottom substrates.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, the present invention provides an Amplified IntrinsicFringe Field MVA LCD (AIFF MVA LCD) that does not require protrusions orITO slits. Thus manufacturing of AIFF MVA LCDs in accordance with thepresent invention is less expensive than conventional MVA LCDs.Specifically, embodiments of the present invention use novel pixeldesigns that provide amplified intrinsic fringe fields to create themultiple domains in the AIFF MVA LCD. For example, in accordance withone embodiment of the present invention, pixels are sub-divided intocolor components having multiple color dots (CDs). In addition thepixels contain fringe field amplifying regions that extend along a firstside and a second side of a color dot. The fringe field amplifyingregions are configured to have a first polarity when the color dot has asecond polarity to amplify the fringe fields of the color dot.

In some embodiments of the present invention a display includes a firstpixel and a second pixel. The first pixel includes a first first-pixelcolor component, a first first-pixel fringe field amplifying region, anda first first-pixel switching element. Similarly the second pixel has afirst second-pixel color component, a first second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region, and a first second-pixel switching element. The firstfirst-pixel color component includes a first first-pixel-first-componentcolor dot. The first first-pixel fringe field amplifying region extendsalong a first side of the first first-pixel-first-component color dotand a second side of the first first-pixel-first-component color dot.The first first-first-pixel switching element is coupled to the firstfirst-pixel color component.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the display includes a firstfringe field amplifying region switching element that is coupled to thefirst first-pixel fringe field amplifying region and the firstsecond-pixel fringe field amplifying region. In this embodiment, thefirst first-pixel switching element and the first-second pixel switchingelement are configured to have a first polarity when the first fringefield amplifying region switching element is configured to have a secondpolarity.

The present invention will be more fully understood in view of thefollowing description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1( a)-1(c) are three illustrations of a pixel of a conventionalsingle domain vertical alignment LCD.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a pixel of a conventional multi-domainvertical alignment LCD.

FIGS. 3( a)-3(b) illustrate a multi-domain vertical alignment liquidcrystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 4( a)-4(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4( e) illustrates the source lines and gate lines of a liquidcrystal display in accordance with one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 4( f) and 4(g) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4( h) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4( i) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 4( j) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 4( k), 4(l), and 4(m) illustrate portions of a liquid crystaldisplay in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4( n) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 4( o) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 4( p) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 4( q), 4(r), and 4(s) illustrate portions of a liquid crystaldisplay in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5( a)-5(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5( c) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6( a)-6(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6( c) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 7( a)-7(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7( e) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 8( a)-8(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 9( a)-9(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10( a)-10(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10( c)-10(d) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10( e) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 11( a)-11(b) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11( c) is an enlarged view of a fringe field amplifying region inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11( d) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11( e) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 11( f) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 11( g) illustrates a pixel design in accordance with one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 11( h)-11(i) illustrate a pixel design in accordance with oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 11( j) illustrates a portion of a liquid crystal display inaccordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As explained above, conventional MVA LCDs are very expensive tomanufacture due to the use of physical features, such as protrusions orITO slits, for creating the multiple domains of each pixel. However, MVALCDs in accordance with the principles of the present invention usefringe fields to create multiple-domains and do not require the use ofphysical features (such as protrusions or ITO slits) on the substrate.Furthermore, without the requirement of physical features the difficultyof aligning the physical features of the top and bottom substrate isalso eliminated. Thus, MVA LCDs in accordance with the present inventionare higher yield and less expensive to manufacture than conventional MVALCDs.

FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b) illustrate the basic concept used in accordancewith the present invention to create a multi-domain vertical alignmentliquid crystal display (MVA LCD) 300 without resorting to physicalfeatures on the substrates. Specifically FIG. 3 shows pixels 310, 320,and 330 in between a first substrate 305 and a second substrate 355. Afirst polarizer 302 is attached to first substrate 305 and a secondpolarizer 357 is attached to second substrate 355. Pixel 310 includes afirst electrode 311, liquid crystals 312, liquid crystals 313 and asecond electrode 315. Pixel 320 includes a first electrode 321, liquidcrystals 322, liquid crystals 323 and a second electrode 325. Similarly,pixel 330 includes a first electrode 331, liquid crystals 332, liquidcrystals 333 and a second electrode 335. The electrodes are typicallyconstructed using a transparent conductive material such as ITO.Furthermore, a first alignment layer 307 covers the electrodes on firstsubstrate 305. Similarly a second alignment layer 352 covers theelectrodes on second substrate 355. Both LC alignment layers 307 and 352provide a vertical LC alignment. As explained in more detail below,electrodes 315, 325, and 335 are held at a common voltage V_Com.Therefore, to ease manufacturing, electrodes 315, 325, and 335 arecreated as a single structure (as shown in FIGS. 3( a) and 3(b)). MVALCD 300 operates pixels 310, 320, and 330 using alternating polarities.For example, if the polarities of pixels 310 and 330 are positive thenthe polarity of pixel 320 would be negative. Conversely, if thepolarities of pixel 310 and 330 are negative then the polarity of pixel320 would be positive. Generally, the polarity of each pixel wouldswitch between frames, but the pattern of alternating polarities ismaintained in each frame. In FIG. 3( a), pixels 310, 320, and 330 are inthe “OFF” state, i.e. with the electric field between the first andsecond electrodes turned off. In the “OFF” state some residual electricfield may be present between the first and second electrode. However,the residual electric field is generally too small to tilt the liquidcrystals.

In FIG. 3( b), pixels 310, 320, and 330 are in the “ON” state. 3(b) uses“+” and “−” to denote the voltage polarity of the electrodes. Thus,electrodes 311, and 331 have positive voltage polarity and electrodes321 has negative voltage polarity. Substrate 355 and electrodes 315,325, and 335 are kept at common voltage V_com. The voltage polarity isdefined with respect to the V_com voltage, where a positive polarity isobtained for voltages higher than V_com, and a negative polarity isobtained for voltage smaller than V_com. Electric field 327 (illustratedusing field lines) between electrodes 321 and 325 causes liquid crystals322 and liquid crystals 323 to tilt. In general, without protrusions orother features the tilting direction of the liquid crystals is not fixedfor liquid crystals with a vertical LC alignment layers at 307 and 352.However, the fringe field at the edges of the pixel can influence thetilting direction of the liquid crystals. For example, electric field327 between electrode 321 and electrode 325 is vertical around thecenter of pixel 320 but is tilted to the left in the left part of thepixel, and tiled to the right in the right part of the pixel. Thus, thefringe field between electrode 321 and electrode 325 cause liquidcrystals 323 to tilt to the right to form one domain and cause liquidcrystals 322 to tilt to the left to from a second domain. Thus, pixel320 is a multi-domain pixel with a wide symmetrical viewing angle

Similarly, the electric field (not shown) between electrode 311 andelectrode 315 would have fringe fields that cause liquid crystals 313 toreorientate and tilt to the right in the right side in pixel 312 andcause liquid crystals 312 to tilt to the left in the left side in pixel310. Similarly, the electric field (not shown) between electrode 331 andelectrode 335 would have fringe fields that cause liquid crystals 333 totilt to the right in the right side in pixel 330 and cause liquidcrystals 332 to tilt to the left in the left side in pixel 330.

Alternating polarity of adjacent pixels amplifies the fringe fieldeffect in each pixel. Therefore, by repeating the alternating polaritypattern between rows of pixels (or columns of pixels), a multi domainvertical alignment LCD is achieved without physical features.Furthermore, an alternating polarity checkerboard pattern can be used tocreate four domains in each pixel.

However, fringe field effects are relatively small and weak, in general.Consequently, as pixels become larger, the fringe fields at the edge ofthe pixels would not reach all the liquid crystals within a pixel. Thus,in large pixels the direction of tilting for the liquid crystals notnear the edge of the pixels would exhibit random behavior and would notproduce a multi-domain pixel. Generally, fringe field effects of pixelswould not be effective to control liquid crystal tilt when the pixelsbecome larger than 40-60 μm. Therefore, for large pixel LCDs a novelpixel division method is used to achieve multi-domain pixels.Specifically, for color LCDs, pixels are divided into color components.Each color component is controlled by a separate switching device, suchas a thin-film transistor (TFT). Generally, the color components arered, green, and blue. In accordance with the present invention, thecolor components of a pixel are further divided into color dots.

The polarity of each pixel switches between each successive frame ofvideo to prevent image quality degradation, which may result fromtwisting the liquid crystals in the same direction in every frame.However, the dot polarity pattern switching may cause other imagequality issues such as flicker if all the switching elements are of thesame polarity. To minimize flicker, the switching elements (e.g. aretransistors) are arranged in a switching element driving scheme thatinclude positive and negative polarities. Furthermore, to minimize crosstalk the positive and negative polarities of the switching elementsshould be arranged in a uniform pattern, which provides a more uniformpower distribution. Various switching element driving schemes are usedby the embodiments of the present invention. The three main switchingelement driving schemes are switching element point inversion drivingscheme, switching element row inversion driving scheme, and switchingelement column inversion driving scheme. In the switching element pointinversion driving scheme, the switching elements form a checkerboardpattern of alternating polarities. In the switching element rowinversion driving scheme, the switching elements on each row have thesame polarity; however, each switching element in one row has theopposite polarity as compared to the polarity of switching elements inadjacent rows. In the switching element column inversion driving scheme,the switching elements on each column have the same polarity; however, aswitching element in one column has the opposite polarity as compared tothe polarity of switching elements in adjacent columns. While theswitching element point inversion driving scheme provides the mostuniform power distribution, the complexity and additional costs ofswitching element point inversion driving scheme over switching elementrow inversion driving scheme or switching element column inversiondriving scheme may not be cost effective. Thus, most LCD displays forlow cost or low voltage applications are manufactured using switchingelement row inversion driving scheme while switching element pointinversion driving scheme is usually reserved for high performanceapplications.

Pixels in accordance with embodiments of the present invention includevarious key components arranged in novel arrangements to achieve highquality low cost display units. For example, pixel can include colorcomponents, color dots, fringe field amplifying regions (FFAR),switching elements, device component areas, and associated dots. Thedevice component area encompasses the area occupied by the switchingelements and/or storage capacitor as well as the area that was used tomanufacture the switching elements and/or storage capacitors. Forclarity, a different device component area is defined for each switchingelement.

Associated dots and fringe field amplifying regions are electricallypolarized areas that are not part of the color components. In manyembodiments of the present invention, associated dots covers the devicecomponent areas. For these embodiments, the associated dots aremanufactured by depositing an insulating layer over the switchingelement and/or storage capacitors. Followed by depositing anelectrically conductive layer to form the associated dot. The associateddots are electrically connected to specific switching element and orother polarized components (such as color dots). The storage capacitorsare electrically connected to specific switching element and color dotelectrodes to compensate and offset the capacitance change on the liquidcrystal cells during the switching-on and switching-off processes of theliquid crystal cells. Consequently, the storage capacitors are used toreduce the cross-talk effects during the switching-on and switching-offprocesses of the liquid crystal cells. A patterning mask is used when itis necessary to form the patterned electrode for the associated dots.Generally, a black matrix layer is added to form a light shield for theassociated dot. However, in some embodiments of the present invention, acolor layer is added to the associated dot to improve the colorperformance or to achieve a desired color pattern or shading. In someembodiments of the present invention, the color layer is manufactured ontop or underneath the switching element. Other embodiments may alsoplace a color layer on top of the glass substrate of the display.

In other embodiments of the present invention, the associated dot is anarea independent of the switching elements. Furthermore, someembodiments of the present invention have additional associated dots notdirectly related to the switching elements. Generally, the associateddot includes an active electrode layer such as ITO or other conductivelayer, and is connected to a nearby color dot or powered in some othermanner. For opaque associated dots, a black matrix layer can be added onthe bottom of the conductive layer to form the opaque area. In someembodiments of the present invention, the black matrix can be fabricatedon the ITO glass substrate side to simplify the fabrication process. Theadditional associated dots improve the effective use of display area toimprove the aperture ratio and to form the multiple liquid crystaldomains within the color dots. Some embodiments of the present inventionuse associate dots to improve color performance. For example, carefulplacement of associated dots can allow the color of nearby color dots tobe modified from the usual color pattern.

Fringe field amplifying regions (FFARs) are more versatile thanassociated dots. Specifically, fringe field amplifying regions may havenon-rectangular shapes, although generally, the overall shape of thefringe field amplifying regions can be divided into a set of rectangularshapes. Furthermore, fringe field amplifying regions extend along morethan one side of a color dot. In addition, fringe field amplifyingregions may be used in place of associated dots in some embodiments ofthe present invention. Specifically, in these embodiments the fringefield amplifying region covers the device component areas but alsoextend along more than one side of color dots adjacent to the devicecomponent areas.

In general, the color dots, device component areas, and associated dotsare arranged in a grid pattern and are separated from adjacent neighborsby a horizontal dot spacing HDS and a vertical dot spacing VDS. Whenfringe field amplifying regions are used in place of associated dots,part of the fringe field amplifying regions would also fit in the gridpattern. In some embodiments of the present invention multiple verticaldot spacings and multiple horizontal dot spacings may be used. Eachcolor dot, associated dot, and device component area has two adjacentneighbors (e.g. color dots, associated dots, or device component areas)in a first dimension (e.g. vertical) and two adjacent neighbors in asecond dimension (e.g. horizontal). Furthermore, two adjacent neighborscan be aligned or shifted. Each color dot has a color dot height CDH anda color dot width CDW. Similarly, each associated dot has an associateddot height ADH and an associated dot width ADW. Furthermore, each devicecomponent area has device component area height DCAH and a devicecomponent area width DCAW. In some embodiments of the present invention,color dots, associated dots and device component areas are the samesize. However in many embodiments of the present invention color dots,associated dots and device component areas could be of different size orshapes. For example in many embodiments of the present inventionassociated dots have a smaller height than color dots. In manyapplications, the height for the color dots is increased to improve thestability of the MVA structure and improve optical transmission toincrease the display brightness.

FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 410 (labeled 410+ and 410− as described below) that is often usedin displays having a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Inactual operation a pixel will switch between a first dot polaritypattern and a second dot polarity pattern between each image frame. Forclarity, the dot polarity pattern, in which the first color dot of thefirst color component has a positive polarity, is referred to as thepositive dot polarity pattern. Conversely, the dot polarity pattern inwhich the first color dot of the first color component has a negativepolarity is referred to as the negative dot polarity pattern.Specifically, in FIG. 4( a), pixel design 410 has a positive dotpolarity pattern (and is thus labeled 410+) and in FIG. 4( b), pixeldesign 410 has a negative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled410−). Furthermore, the polarity of each polarized component in thevarious pixel designs are indicated with “+” for positive polarity or“−” for negative polarity.

Pixel design 410 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3 (notlabeled in FIGS. 4( a)-4(b)). Each of the three color componentsincludes two color dots. For clarity, the color dots are referenced asCD_X_Y, where X is a color component (from 1 to 3 in FIGS. 4( a)-4(b))and Y is a dot number (from 1 to 2 in FIGS. 4( a)-4(b)). Pixel design410 also includes a switching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, andSE_3) for each color component and a fringe field amplifying region(referenced as FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component.Switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Devicecomponent areas around each switching element are covered by the fringefield amplifying regions and are thus not specifically labeled in FIGS.4( a) and 4(b). Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, andFFAR_3 are also arranged in a row and described in more detail in FIG.4( c).

First color component CC_1 of pixel design 410 has two color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2. Color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 form a column and are separatedby a vertical dot pacing VDS1. In other words, color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dotspacing VDS1. Furthermore, color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are verticallyoffset by vertical dot offset VDO1 which is equal to vertical dotspacing VDS1 plus the color dot height CDH. Switching element SE_1 islocated in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 so that color dot CD_1_1is on a first side of the row of switching elements and color dot CD_1_2is on a second side of the row of switching elements. Switching elementSE_1 is coupled to the electrodes of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 tocontrol the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2.

Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 410 has two colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 form a secondcolumn and are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separatedby vertical dot spacing VDS1. Switching element SE_2 is located inbetween color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 so that color dot CD_2_1 is on thefirst side of the row of switching elements and color dot CD_2_2 is on asecond side of the row of switching elements. Switching element SE_2 iscoupled to the electrodes of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 to control thevoltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2.Second color component CC_2 is vertically aligned with first colorcomponent CC_1 and separated from color component CC_1 by a horizontaldot spacing HDS1, thus color components CC_2 and CC_1 are horizontallyoffset by a horizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal to horizontal dotspacing HDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specifically with regards tothe color dots, color dot CD_2_1 is vertically aligned with color dotsCD_1_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1.Similarly, color dot CD_2_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_1_1 and color dot CD_2_1 form a first row of color dots and colordot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_2_2 form a second row of color dots.

Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 410 has two colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 form a third columnand are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated byvertical dot spacing VDS1. Switching element SE_3 is located in betweencolor dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 so that color dot CD_3_1 is on the firstside of the row of switching elements and color dot CD_3_2 is on asecond side of the row of switching elements. Switching element SE_3 iscoupled to the electrodes of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 to control thevoltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2.third color component CC_3 is vertically aligned with second colorcomponent CC_2 and separated from color component CC_2 by horizontal dotspacing HDS1, thus color components CC_3 and CC_2 are horizontallyoffset by a horizontal dot offset HDO1. Specifically with regards to thecolor dots, color dot CD_3_1 is vertically aligned with color dotsCD_2_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1.Similarly, color dot CD_3_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_2and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_3_1 is on the first row of color dots and color dot CD_3_2 is onthe second row of color dots.

For clarity, the color dots of pixel design 410 are illustrated withcolor dots having the same color dot height CDH. However, someembodiments of the present invention may have color dots with differentcolor dot heights. For example in one embodiment of the presentinvention that is a variant of pixel design 410, color dots CD_1_1,CD_2_1 and CD_3_1 have a smaller color dot height than color dotsCD_1_2, CD_2_2, and CD_3_2.

Pixel design 410 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. FIG. 4( c) shows a more detailed view of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel design 410. For clarity fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1 is conceptually divided into a verticalamplifying portion VAP and a horizontal amplifying portion HAP. In FIG.4( c) horizontal amplifying portion HAP is vertically centered on andextends to the left of vertical amplifying portion VAP. Use ofhorizontal amplifying portions and vertical amplifying portions allowsclearer description of the placement of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR1. In most embodiments of the present invention, the electrodes ofthe fringe field amplifying regions are formed by one contiguousconductor. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP has a horizontal amplifyingportion width HAP_W and a horizontal amplifying portion height HAP_H.Similarly, vertical amplifying portion VAP has a vertical amplifyingportion width VAP_W and a vertical amplifying portion height HAP_H.Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 have the same shape asfringe field amplifying region FFAR_1. In embodiments of the presentinvention having different sized color dots, horizontal amplifyingregion HAP would be located in between the color dots rather thancentered on vertical amplifying portion VAP.

As shown in FIG. 4( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2,and FFAR_3 are placed in between the color dots of pixel design 410.Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed so thatthe horizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1 is placed to the right of color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by ahorizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the rightside of color dot CD_1_1 and along the top and right side of color dotCD_1_2. Furthermore, this placement also causes the vertical amplifyingportion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 to be in between colordots CD_1_1 and CD_2_1 and in between color dots CD_1_2 and CD_2_2.

Similarly, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed so that thehorizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2lies in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separated from colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying regionspacing VFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_2 is placed to the right of color dots CD_2_1 andCD_2_2 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by ahorizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the rightside of color dot CD_2_1 and along the top and right side of color dotCD_2_2. This placement also causes the vertical amplifying portion offringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 to be in between color dots CD_2_1and CD_3_1 and in between color dots CD_2_2 and CD_3_2.

Fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed so that the horizontalamplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 lies inbetween color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacingVFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 is placed to the right of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 andis separated from color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a horizontal fringefield amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dotCD_3_1 and along the top and right side of color dot CD_3_2.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 4(a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 410+,all the switching elements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, andSE_3); all the color dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1,CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and 3_2) have positive polarity. However, all the fringefield amplifying regions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have negative polarity.

FIG. 4( b) shows pixel design 410 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, all the switchingelements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) and all thecolor dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and3_2) have negative polarity. However, all the fringe field amplifyingregions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, andFFAR_3) have positive polarity.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 410 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to enhance and stabilize theformation of multiple domain in the liquid crystal structure. Ingeneral, the polarities of the polarized components are assigned so thata color dot of a first polarity has neighboring polarized components ofthe second polarity. For example for the positive dot polarity patternof pixel design 410 (FIG. 4( a)), color dot CD_2_2 has positivepolarity. However the neighboring polarized components (fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_1) have negative polarity. Thus, thefringe field of color dot CD_2_2 is amplified. Furthermore, as explainedbelow, the polarity reversing scheme is carried out at the display levelas well so that the color dot of another pixel that is placed next tocolor dot CD_1_2 would have negative polarity (see FIG. 4( d)).

Because, all the switching elements in pixel design 410 have the samepolarity and the fringe field amplifying regions require the oppositepolarity, the fringe field amplifying regions are driven by an externalpolarity source, i.e. a polarity source from outside the specific pixelof pixel design 410. Various sources of opposite polarity can be used inaccordance with differing embodiments of the present invention. Forexample specific fringe field amplifying region switching elements maybe used (as shown in FIG. 4( d) in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present invention) or switching elements of nearby pixels having anopposite dot polarity could also used to drive the fringe fieldamplifying regions (as shown in FIG. 5( c) in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present invention).

Pixels using pixel design 410 of FIGS. 4( a) and 4(b) can be used indisplays using switching element row inversion driving schemes. FIG. 4(d) shows a portion of display 420 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0,1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 410 with a switching element rowinversion driving scheme. Display 420 could have thousands of rows withthousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continue fromthe portion shown in FIG. 4( d) in the manner shown in FIG. 4( d). Forclarity, the gate lines and source lines that control the switchingelements are omitted in FIG. 4( d). Gate lines and source lines areillustrated in FIG. 4( e). Furthermore, to better illustrate each pixel,the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading is only for illustrativepurposes in FIG. 4( d) and has no functional significance. In thedisplays presented herein, a pixel P(x, y) is in the x-th column (fromthe left and the y-th row starting from the bottom, with pixel P(0,0)being the bottom left corner. In display 420 the pixels are arranged sothat all pixels in a row have the same dot polarity pattern (positive ornegative) and each successive row should alternate between positive andnegative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) in thefirst row (i.e. row 0) have positive dot polarity pattern and pixelsP(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row (i.e. row 1) have the negative dotpolarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dotpolarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has a first dotpolarity pattern when y is even and a second dot polarity pattern when yis odd.

Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned and separatedhorizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel are separatedfrom the left most color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally aligned andseparated by a vertical dot spacing VDS2.

As explained above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a pixel ofpixel design 410 receives proper polarity from outside the pixel. Thusin display 420, each row of pixels has a corresponding fringe fieldamplifying region switching element coupled to a fringe field amplifyingelectrode that extends across display 420. The fringe field amplifyingregions of the pixels in the corresponding row of pixels are coupled tothe corresponding fringe field amplifying electrode to receive voltagepolarity and voltage magnitude from the fringe field amplifying regionswitching element. Specifically for row 0, fringe field amplifyingregion switching element FFARSE_0 is on the left side of display 420.Fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_0 is coupled to fringefield amplifying region switching element FFARSE_0 and extends acrossdisplay 420. Fringe field amplifying regions in the pixels of row 0 arecoupled to fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_0.Specifically, the fringe field amplifying regions of pixel P(0, 0) andpixel P(1, 0) are coupled to fringe field amplifying region electrodeFFARE_0. For row 1, fringe field amplifying region switching elementFFARSE_1 is on the right side of display 420. Fringe field amplifyingregion electrode FFARE_1 is coupled to fringe field amplifying regionswitching element FFARSE_1 and extends across display 420. Fringe fieldamplifying regions in the pixels of row 1 are coupled to fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_1. Specifically, the fringe fieldamplifying regions of pixel P(0, 1) and pixel P(1, 1) are coupled tofringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_1. In FIG. 4( d), fringefield amplifying region switching elements FFARSE_0 and FFARSE_1 havenegative polarity and positive polarity respectively. However in thenext frame the polarities are reversed. Some embodiments of the presentinvention may put all the fringe field amplifying region switchingelements on the same side of the display.

Due to the switching of polarities on each row in display 420, if acolor dot has the first polarity, any neighboring polarized componentshave the second polarity. For example, color dot CD_3_2 of pixel P(0, 1)has negative polarity while, color dot CD_3_1 of pixel P(0, 0), fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 1) havepositive polarity. In a particular embodiment of the present invention,each color dot has a width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60micrometers. Each fringe field amplifying region has a verticalamplifying portion width of 5 micrometers, a vertical amplifying portionheight of 145 micrometers, a horizontal amplifying portion width of 45micrometers, a horizontal amplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontaldot spacing HDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 25micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

FIG. 4( e) illustrates the same portion of a display 420 as FIG. 4( d)(i.e., pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0, 1), and P(1, 1)) using transistorsas switching elements. However, FIG. 4( e) emphasizes the gate andsource lines and thus for clarity some pixel details (such as polaritywhich are shown in FIG. 4( d)) are omitted in FIG. 4( e). To betterillustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading isonly for illustrative purposes in FIG. 4( e) and has no functionalsignificance. FIG. 4( e) is drawn showing source lines (S_0_1, S_0_2,S_0_3, S_1_1, S_1_2, and S_1_3,) and gate lines (G_0, and G_1). Ingeneral, a source line S_X_Z and gate line G_Y is used for the colorcomponent CC_Z of pixel P(X, Y). The source terminal of a transistor iscoupled to a source line and the gate terminal of the transistor iscoupled to a gate line. The drain terminal of the transistor is coupledto the electrode of the various color components. For clarity,transistors, which are used as the switching elements in display 420,are referenced as transistor T(S_X Z, G_Y) where S_X_Z is the sourceline coupled to the transistor and G_Y is the gate line coupled to thetransistor. Thus transistor 451 in FIG. 4( e) is referenced herein astransistor T(S_1_3, G_1) because the source terminal of transistor 451is coupled to source line S_1_3 and the gate terminal of transistor 451is coupled to gate line G_1. In pixel P(0, 1), which is controlled bygate line G_1 and source lines S_0_1, S_0_2, and S_0_3, the drainterminal of transistor T(S_0_1, G_1) is coupled to the electrode(s) ofcolor component CC_1 (i.e. color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2). Similarly, thedrain terminal of transistor T(S_0_2, G_1) is coupled to theelectrode(s) of color component CC_2 (i.e. color dots CD_2_1 and 2_2)and the drain terminal of transistor T(S_0_3, G_1) is coupled to theelectrode(s) of color component CC_3 (i.e. color dots CD_3_1 andCD_3_2). Furthermore, the gate terminals of transistors T(S_0_1, G_1),T(S_0_2, G_1), and T(SO_3, G_1) are coupled to gate line G_1 and thesource terminals of transistors T(S_0_1, G_1), T(S_0_2, G_1), andT(SO_3, G_1) are coupled to source lines S_0_1, S_0_2, and S_0_3,respectively. Similarly, the components of pixel P(1,1) are coupled togate line G_1 and source lines S_1_1, S_1_2, and S_1_3. The componentsof pixel P(0, 0) are coupled to gate line G_0 and source lines S_0_1,S_0_2, and S_0_3; and the components of pixel P(1, 0) are coupled togate line G_0 and source lines S_1_1, S_1_2, and S_1_3.

Each gate line extends from the left side of display 420 to the rightside and controls all the pixels on one row of display 420. Display 420has one gate line for each row of pixels. Each source line runs from thetop to the bottom of display 420. Display 420 has three times the numberof source lines as the number of pixels on each row (i.e. one sourceline for each color component of each pixel in a row of pixels). Duringoperation only one gate line is active at a time. All transistors in theactive row are rendered conductive by a positive gate impulse from theactive gate line. Transistors in other rows are blocked by grounding thenon-active gate lines. All source lines are active at the same time andeach source line provides video data to one transistor on the active row(as controlled by the active gate line). Therefore, gate lines are oftencalled bus lines and source lines are often called data lines due to theway the gate lines and source lines operate. The voltage charges theelectrode of the color component to create a desired gray scale level(color is provided by color filters). When inactive, the electrodes ofthe color dot are electrically isolated and thus can maintain thevoltage to control the liquid crystals. However, parasitic leakage isunavoidable and eventually the charge will dissipate. For small screenswith fewer rows, the leakage is not problematic because the row is“refreshed” quite often. However, for larger displays with more rowsthere is a longer period between refreshes. Thus, some embodiments ofthe present invention include one or more storage capacitors for eachcolor dot. The storage capacitors are charged by the switching elementof the color dots and provide a “maintenance” charge while the row isinactive. Generally, the data lines and bus lines are manufactured usingan opaque conductor, such as Aluminum (Al) or Chromium (Cr).

As explained above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a pixel usingpixel design 410 receives proper polarity from outside the pixel. Thusin display 420, each row of pixels has a corresponding fringe fieldamplifying region transistor coupled to a fringe field amplifyingelectrode that extends across display 420. The fringe field amplifyingregions of the pixels in the corresponding row of pixels are coupled tothe corresponding fringe field amplifying electrode to receive voltagepolarity and voltage magnitude from the fringe field amplifying regiontransistor. Specifically for row 0, fringe field amplifying regiontransistor FFAR_T_0 is on the left side of display 420. Fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_0 is coupled to the drain terminal offringe field amplifying region transistor FFAR_T_0 and extends acrossdisplay 420. Fringe field amplifying regions in the pixels of row 0 arecoupled to fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_0.Specifically, the fringe field amplifying regions of pixel P(0, 0) andpixel P(1, 0) are coupled to fringe field amplifying region electrodeFFARE_0. The control terminal of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_T_0is coupled to gate line G_0 and the source terminal of fringe fieldamplifying region transistor FFAR_T_0 is coupled to a fringe fieldamplifying region even source line S_FFAR_E. The polarity of the fringefield amplifying region is set to the opposite polarity of the colordots to enhance and stabilize the formation of multiple domains in theliquid crystal structure. Thus, the polarity on fringe field amplifyingregion even source line S_FFAR_E is the opposite of the polarity onsource lines coupled to the transistors for the color dots. In generalthe magnitude of the voltage on fringe field amplifying region evensource line S_FFAR_E is set to a fixed voltage. To reduce power usage,the fixed voltage on fringe field amplifying region even source lineS_FFAR_E is set to a low voltage. In some embodiments of the presentinvention fringe field amplifying region even source line S_FFAR_E arecontrolled by a transistor at the edge of the display. In otherembodiments of the present invention, fringe field amplifying regioneven source line S_FFAR_E are controlled by the driving circuitcontrolling the other source lines.

For row 1, fringe field amplifying region transistor FFAR_T_1 is on theright side of display 420. Fringe field amplifying region electrodeFFARE_1 is coupled to the drain terminal of fringe field amplifyingregion transistor FFAR_T_1 and extends across display 420. Fringe fieldamplifying regions in the pixels of row 1 are coupled to fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_1. Specifically, the fringe fieldamplifying regions of pixel P(0, 1) and pixel P(1, 1) are coupled tofringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_1. The control terminalof fringe field amplifying region FFAR_T_0 is coupled to gate line G_1and the source terminal of fringe field amplifying region transistorFFAR_T_1 is coupled to a fringe field amplifying region odd source lineS_FFAR_O. The polarity of the fringe field amplifying region is set tothe opposite polarity of the color dots to enhance and stabilize theformation of multiple domains in the liquid crystal structure. Thus, thepolarity on fringe field amplifying region odd source line S_FFAR_O isthe opposite of the polarity on source lines coupled to the transistorsfor the color dots. In general the magnitude of the voltage on fringefield amplifying region odd source line S_FFAR_O is set to a fixedvoltage. To reduce power usage, the fixed voltage on fringe fieldamplifying region odd source line S_FFAR_O is set to a low voltage. Insome embodiments of the present invention fringe field amplifying regioneven source line S_FFAR_O are controlled by a transistor at the edge ofthe display. In other embodiments of the present invention, fringe fieldamplifying region odd source line S_FFAR_O are controlled by the drivingcircuit controlling the other source lines.

In display 420 the fringe field amplifying region transistors are placedon both the left side and right side of the display to improve powerdistribution in display 420. However some embodiments of the presentinvention may put all the fringe field amplifying region transistors ona single side of the display. In these embodiments all of the sourceterminals of the fringe field amplifying region transistors can becoupled to a single fringe field amplifying region transistor S_FFAR.

FIGS. 4( f) and 4(g) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 430 (labeled 430+ and 430−) that is a variant of pixel design410. Because the layout and polarity of the color dots, the switchingelements, and the fringe field amplifying region are the same in pixeldesign 430 and pixel design 410 the description is not repeated. Theprimary difference between pixel design 430 and pixel design 410 is thatin pixel design 430, the fringe field amplifying regions are coupledtogether by conductors within the pixel. Specifically, a conductor 432couples the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 to theelectrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2. Similarly, aconductor 434 couples the electrode of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 to the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3.Furthermore a conductor 436 is coupled to fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_3 extends to the right of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3.Conductor 436 is used to connect to a fringe field amplifying region ofan adjacent pixel (see FIG. 4( h)). In another embodiment of the presentinvention, instead of coupling to fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3,conductor 436 is coupled to fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 andextends to the left of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1. Byincluding internal connection between the fringe field amplifyingregions, connections of the fringe field amplifying regions to theexternal polarity source is simplified.

FIG. 4( h) shows a portion of display 440 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0),P(0, 1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 430 with a switching element rowinversion driving scheme. Display 440 could have thousands of rows withthousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continue fromthe portion shown in FIG. 4( h) in the manner shown in FIG. 4( h). Forclarity, the gate lines and source lines that control the switchingelements are omitted in FIG. 4( h). The gate lines and source lines fordisplay 430 would be identical to the gate line and source lines ofdisplay 420 as illustrated in FIG. 4( e). Furthermore, to betterillustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading isonly for illustrative purposes in FIG. 4( h) and has no functionalsignificance. Like in display 420, the pixels of display 440 arearranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dot polarity pattern(positive or negative) and each successive row should alternate betweenpositive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0, 0) andP(1, 0) in the first row (i.e. row 0) have positive dot polarity patternand pixels P(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row (i.e. row 1) have thenegative dot polarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixelswill switch dot polarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has afirst dot polarity pattern when y is even and a second dot polaritypattern when y is odd. Because display 440 is very similar to display420, only the differences between display 440 and display 420 aredescribed. Specifically, due to the inclusion of internal conductors432, 434, and 446 in pixel design 430, display 440 does not includefringe field amplifying region electrodes. Instead the fringe fieldamplifying region switching elements on the left side of display 400 arecoupled to the first fringe field amplifying region of the leftmostpixel. For example in FIG. 4( h), fringe field amplifying regionswitching element FFARSE_0 is coupled to fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 of pixel P(0, 0). The internal conductors then provide thepolarity to all the fringe field amplifying regions of the pixels on therow. The fringe field amplifying region switching elements on the rightside of display 400 are coupled to third fringe field amplifying regionof the rightmost pixel. This is symbolically represented in FIG. 4( h)by fringe field amplifying region switching element FFARSE_1 coupledthrough a series of pixels (not shown) to fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_3 of pixel P(1, 1). In FIG. 4( c), fringe field amplifying regionswitching elements FFARSE_0 and FFARSE_1 have negative polarity andpositive polarity respectively. However in the next frame the polaritiesare reversed.

Due to the switching of polarities on each row in display 440, if acolor dot has the first polarity, any neighboring polarized componentshave the second polarity. For example, color dot CD_3_2 of pixel P(0, 1)has negative polarity while, color dot CD_3_1 of pixel P(0, 0), fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 1) havepositive polarity. In a particular embodiment of the present invention,each color dot has a width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60micrometers. Each fringe field amplifying region has a verticalamplifying portion width of 5 micrometers, a vertical amplifying portionheight of 145 micrometers, a horizontal amplifying portion width of 45micrometers, a horizontal amplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontaldot spacing HDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 25micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

In some embodiments of the present invention the pixels at the edge of adisplay use edge pixel designs that are variants of the pixel designused for the non-edge pixels of the display. For example, FIGS. 4( i)and 4(j) illustrate a top edge pixel design 430_TE and a bottom edgepixel design 430_BE, respectively. Top edge pixel design 430_TE andBottom edge pixel design 430_BE are variations of pixel design 430. Forbrevity the description is not repeated and only the differences betweenthe edge pixel designs and pixel design 430 are described.

Specifically, top edge pixel design 430_TE uses a modified fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR. For clarity the fringe field amplifying regionsin FIG. 4( i) are referred to as top edge fringe field amplifyingregions and labeled FFAR_TE_1, FFAR_TE_2, and FFAR_TE_3. Top edge fringefield amplifying regions in top edge pixel design 430_TE differ from thefringe field amplifying regions of pixel design 430 by including a tophorizontal amplifying portion HAP_T. Top horizontal amplifying portionHAP_T extends above the top color dot to the left of the verticalamplifying portion of the top edge fringe field amplifying region.Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4( i), top edge fringe field amplifyingregions FFAR_TE_1, FFAR_TE_2, and FFAR_TE_3 include top horizontalamplifying portion HAP_T_1, HAP_T_2, and HAP_T_3, that extend over colordots CD_1_1, CD_2_1, and CD_3_1, respectively. Top horizontal portionsHAP_T_1, HAP_T_2, and HAP_T_3, which provide a region of oppositepolarity above color dots CD_1_1, CD_2_1, and CD_3_1, enhance the fringefield of the color dots CD_1_1, CD_2_1, and CD_3_1, respectively.

In FIG. 4( j), bottom edge pixel design 430_BE uses a modified fringefield amplifying region FFAR. For clarity, the fringe field amplifyingregions in FIG. 4( j) are referred to as bottom edge fringe fieldamplifying regions and labeled FFAR_BE_1, FFAR_BE_2, and FFAR_BE_3.Bottom edge fringe field amplifying regions in bottom edge pixel design430_BE differ from the fringe field amplifying regions of pixel design430 by including a bottom horizontal amplifying portion HAP_B. Bottomhorizontal amplifying portion HAP_B extends below the bottom color dotto the left of the vertical amplifying portion of the bottom edge fringefield amplifying region. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4( j), bottomedge fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_BE_1, FFAR_BE_2, and FFAR_BE_3include top horizontal amplifying portion HAP_B_1, HAP_B_2, and HAP_B_3,that extend below color dots CD_1_2, CD_2_2, and CD_3_2, respectively.Bottom horizontal portions HAP_B_1, HAP_B_2, and HAP_B_3, which providea region of opposite polarity below color dots CD_1_2, CD_2_2, andCD_3_2, enhance the fringe field of the color dots CD_1_2, CD_2_2, andCD_3_2, respectively.

FIGS. 4( k)-4(m) illustrate different portions of a display 450 thatuses pixel design 430 for most pixels, top edge pixel design 430_TE forpixels at the top of the display, and bottom edge pixel design 430_BEfor pixels at the bottom of the display. Specifically, display 450includes 400 rows (numbered 0 to 399). FIG. 4( k) illustrates pixels onrow 99 and row 100 (pixels on rows 1 to 398 would be similar) for column10 and column 11 (i.e., the general pixel of the display); FIG. 4( l)illustrate rows 0 and row 1 (i.e. the bottom edge of the display) forcolumn 10 and column 11; and FIG. 4( m) illustrates pixels on rows 398and 399 for column 10 and column 11 (i.e. the top edge of the display).

Specifically, FIG. 4( k) shows a portion of display 450 using pixelsP(10, 99), P(11, 99), P(10, 100), and P(11, 100) of pixel design 430with a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Each row ofpixels would extend to the right and to the left. In a specificembodiment of display 450, each row contains 640 pixels. For clarity,the gate lines and source lines that control the switching elements areomitted in FIGS. 4( k), 4(l), and 4(m). The gate lines and source linesfor display 450 would be identical to the gate line and source lines ofdisplay 420 as illustrated in FIG. 4( e). Furthermore, to betterillustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading isonly for illustrative purposes in FIG. 4( k) and has no functionalsignificance. Like in display 420, the pixels of display 450 arearranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dot polarity pattern(positive or negative) and each successive row should alternate betweenpositive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(10, 99) andP(11, 99) in the 100^(th) row (i.e. row 99 because rows numbering startsat row j) have positive dot polarity pattern and pixels P(10, 100) andP(11, 100) in the 101st row (i.e. row 100) have the negative dotpolarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dotpolarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has a first dotpolarity pattern when y is even and a second dot polarity pattern when yis odd.

Because display 450 is very similar to display 440, only the differencesbetween display 450 and display 440 are described. Specifically, display450 differs from display 440 by having pixels using bottom edge pixeldesign 430_BE in row 0 as illustrated in FIG. 4( l) and pixels using topedge pixel design 430_BE in row 399 as illustrated in FIG. 4( k). Thusno differences are shown in FIG. 4( k), which does not illustrate thetop or bottom edge of display 450.

FIG. 4( l) shows a portion of display 450 using pixels P (10, 0), P (11,0) of bottom edge pixel design 430_BE and pixels P (10, 1), and P(11, 1) of pixel design 430. Each row of pixels would extend to theright and left. To better illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixelis shaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 4( l)and has no functional significance. As explained above, the pixels ofdisplay 450 are arranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dotpolarity pattern (positive or negative) and each successive row shouldalternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus,pixels P(10, 0) and P(11, 0) in the first row (i.e. row 0) have positivedot polarity pattern and pixels P(10, 1) and P(11, 1) in the second row(i.e. row 1) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However, at thenext frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. By using bottomedge pixel design 430_BE for the pixels of the bottom row (i.e. row 0)in display 450, the performance of the color dots at the bottom ofdisplay 450 are improved due to the amplification of the fringe fieldsin the color dots by the bottom horizontal amplifying portion HAP_B (seeFIG. 4( j)).

FIG. 4( m) shows a portion of display 450 using pixels P (10, 399), P(11, 399) of top edge pixel design 430_TE and pixels P (10, 398), and P(11, 398) of pixel design 430. Each row of pixels would extend to theleft and to the right. To better illustrate each pixel, the area of eachpixel is shaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG.4( m) and has no functional significance. As explained above, the pixelsof display 450 are arranged so that all pixels in a row have the samedot polarity pattern (positive or negative) and each successive rowshould alternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern.Thus, pixels P(10, 398) and P(11, 398) in row 398 have positive dotpolarity pattern and pixels P(10, 399) and P(11, 399) in row 399 havethe negative dot polarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixelswill switch dot polarity patterns. By using top edge pixel design 430_TEfor the pixels of the top row (i.e. row 399) in display 450, theperformance of the color dots at the top of display 450 are improved dueto the amplification of the fringe fields in the color dots by the tophorizontal amplifying portions HAP_T (see FIG. 4( i)).

In addition to top edge pixel designs and bottom edge pixel designs,some embodiments of the present invention also include pixels using aleft edge pixel design, which is a variant of the pixel design used forthe non-edge pixels of the display. For example, FIG. 4( n) illustratesa left-edge pixel design 430_LE, which is a variation of pixel design430. For brevity the description is not repeated and only thedifferences between the edge pixel designs and pixel design 430 aredescribed.

Specifically, left edge pixel design 430_LE uses a modified fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR for the first color component. For clarity thefringe field amplifying region for the first color component in FIG. 4(n) is referred to as a left edge fringe field amplifying regions andlabeled FFAR_LE_1. The fringe field amplifying regions for the secondcolor component and the third color component in FIG. 4( n) are referredto simply as fringe field amplifying regions and labeled FFAR_2 andFFAR_3, respectively. The left edge fringe field amplifying region inleft edge pixel design 430_LE differ from the fringe field amplifyingregions of pixel design 430 by including a left vertical amplifyingportion VAP_L. Left vertical amplifying portion VAP_T extends from theleft side of horizontal amplifying region HAP (see FIG. 4( c)) andextends along the left side of the color dots. Specifically, as shown inFIG. 4( n), left edge fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_LE_1 includeleft vertical amplifying portion VAP_L_1 that extend along the left sideof color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Left vertical portion VAP_L_1, whichprovides a region of opposite polarity to the left of color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2, enhance the fringe fields of the color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a display using pixels oftop edge pixel designs, bottom edge pixel designs, and left edge pixeldesigns further include pixels using a top left corner pixel design anda bottom left corner pixel design, that are variants of the pixel designused for the non-edge pixels of the display. For example, FIGS. 4( o)and 4(p) illustrate a top left corner pixel design 430_TLC and a bottomleft corner pixel design 430_BLC, respectively. Top left corner pixeldesign 430_TLC and bottom left corner pixel design 430_BLC arevariations of top edge pixel design 430_TE and bottom edge pixel design430_BE, respectively. For brevity the description is not repeated andonly the differences between corner pixel designs and the edge pixeldesigns are described.

Specifically, top left corner pixel design 430_TLC uses a modifiedfringe field amplifying region FFAR for the first color component. Forclarity the fringe field amplifying region for the first color componentin FIG. 4( o) is referred to as a top left corner fringe fieldamplifying region and labeled FFAR_TLC_1. The fringe field amplifyingregions for the second color component and the third color component inFIG. 4( o) are the same as the top edge fringe field amplifying regionsin FIG. 4( i), and are thus referred to as top edge fringe fieldamplifying regions and labeled FFAR_TE_2 and FFAR_TE_3, respectively.The top left corner fringe field amplifying region in top left cornerpixel design 430_TLC differ from the fringe field amplifying regions ofpixel design 430 by including a left vertical amplifying portion VAP_Land a top horizontal amplifying portion HAP_T. Top horizontal amplifyingportion HAP_T extends leftward from the top of vertical amplifyingregion VAP (see FIG. 4( c)) and extends over the top side of color dotCD_1_1. Left vertical amplifying portion VAP_L extends down from theleft edge of top horizontal portion HAP_T along the left side of thecolor dots. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4( o), top left corner fringefield amplifying region FFAR_TLC_1 includes a top horizontal amplifyingportion HAP_T_1 that extends along the top side of color CD_1_1. Tophorizontal amplifying portion HAP_T_1, which provides a region ofopposite polarity for the top side of color dot CD_1_1, enhances thefringe field of color dot CD_1_1. Top left corner fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_TLC_1 also includes a left vertical amplifyingportion VAP_L_1 that extend along the left side of color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2. Left vertical portion VAP_L_1, which provides a region ofopposite polarity to the left of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2, enhancethe fringe fields of the color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.

Bottom left corner pixel design 430_BLC uses a modified fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR for the first color component. For clarity thefringe field amplifying region for the first color component in FIG. 4(p) is referred to as a bottom left corner fringe field amplifying regionand labeled FFAR_BLC_1. The fringe field amplifying regions for thesecond color component and the third color component in FIG. 4( p) arethe same as the bottom edge fringe field amplifying regions in FIG. 4(j) and are thus referred to as bottom edge fringe field amplifyingregions and labeled FFAR_BE_2 and FFAR_BE_3, respectively. The bottomleft corner fringe field amplifying region in bottom left corner pixeldesign 430_BLC differ from the fringe field amplifying regions of pixeldesign 430 by including a left vertical amplifying portion VAP_L and abottom horizontal amplifying portion HAP_B. Bottom horizontal amplifyingportion HAP_B extends leftward from the bottom of vertical amplifyingregion VAP (see FIG. 4( c)) and extends under the bottom side of colordot CD_1_2. Left vertical amplifying portion VAP_L extends up from theleft edge of bottom horizontal portion HAP_T along the left side of thecolor dots. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4( o), bottom left cornerfringe field amplifying region FFAR_BLC_1 includes a bottom horizontalamplifying portion HAP_B_1 that extends along the bottom side of colorCD_1_2. Bottom horizontal amplifying portion HAP_B_1, which provides aregion of opposite polarity for the bottom side of color dot CD_1_2,enhances the fringe field of color dot CD_1_2. Bottom left corner fringefield amplifying region FFAR_BLC_1 also includes a left verticalamplifying portion VAP_L_1 that extend along the left side of color dotsCD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Left vertical portion VAP_L_1, which provides aregion of opposite polarity to the left of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2,enhance the fringe fields of the color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.

FIGS. 4( q)-4(s) illustrate different portions of a display 460 thatuses pixel design 430 for most pixels, top edge pixel design 430_TE forpixels at the top edge of the display, bottom edge pixel design 430_BEfor pixels at the bottom edge of the display, left edge pixel design430_LE for pixels at the left edge of the display, top left corner pixeldesign 430_TLC for the pixel at the top left corner of the display, andbottom left corner pixel design 430_BLC for the pixel at the bottom leftof the display. Specifically, display 460 includes 400 rows (numbered 0to 399). FIG. 4( q) illustrates pixels on row 99 and row 100 (pixels onrows 1 to 398 would be similar) for column 0 and column 1 of thedisplay; FIG. 4( r) illustrate rows 0 and row 1 (i.e. the bottom edge ofthe display) for column 0 and column 1 of the display; and FIG. 4( s)illustrates pixels on rows 398 and 399 for column 0 and column 1 of thedisplay (i.e. the top edge of the display). The other columns of display460 would be the same as display 450 as shown in FIGS. 4( k)-4(m).Display 460 uses switching element row inversion driving scheme.

Specifically, FIG. 4( q) shows a portion of display 460 using pixelsP(0, 99), P(1, 99), P(0, 100), and P(1, 100). Pixels P(0, 99) and P(0,100) use left edge pixel design 430_LE while Pixels P(1, 99) and P(1,100) us pixel design 430. Each row of pixels would extend to the rightusing pixels of pixel design 430. In a specific embodiment of display460, each row contains 640 pixels. For clarity, the gate lines andsource lines that control the switching elements are omitted in FIGS. 4(q), 4(r), and 4(s). The gate lines and source lines for display 460would be identical to the gate line and source lines of display 420 asillustrated in FIG. 4( e). Furthermore, to better illustrate each pixel,the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading is only for illustrativepurposes in FIG. 4( q) and has no functional significance. Like indisplay 420, the pixels of display 460 are arranged so that all pixelsin a row have the same dot polarity pattern (positive or negative) andeach successive row should alternate between positive and negative dotpolarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0, 99) and P(1, 99) in the 100^(th) row(i.e. row 99 because rows numbering starts at row 0) have positive dotpolarity pattern and pixels P(0, 100) and P(1, 100) in the 101st row(i.e. row 100) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However, at thenext frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. Thus in generala pixel P(x, y) has a first dot polarity pattern when y is even and asecond dot polarity pattern when y is odd.

Because display 460 is very similar to display 450, only the differencesbetween display 460 and display 450 are described. Specifically, display460 differs from display 450 by having pixels using left edge pixeldesign 430_LE in column 0 as illustrated in FIG. 4( q) except for pixelP(0,399) (i.e. the top right corner) which uses top left corner pixeldesign 430_TLC (as illustrated in FIG. 4( r)), and pixel P(0, 0) (i.e.the bottom left corner) which uses bottom left corner pixel design430_BLC (as illustrated in FIG. 4( s)).

FIG. 4( r) shows a portion of display 460 having pixel P (0, 0) ofbottom left corner pixel design 430_BLC, pixel P (1, 0) of bottom edgepixel design 430_BE, pixel P(0, 1) of left edge pixel design 430_LE, andP (1, 1) of pixel design 430. Each row of pixels would extend to theright. To better illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel isshaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 4( r) andhas no functional significance. As explained above, the pixels ofdisplay 460 are arranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dotpolarity pattern (positive or negative) and each successive row shouldalternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus,pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) in the first row (i.e. row 0) have positivedot polarity pattern and pixels P(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row(i.e. row 1) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However, at thenext frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. By using bottomleft corner pixel design 430_BLC, for pixel P(0,0) are improved due tothe amplification of the fringe fields in the color dots in pixelP(0,0). Furthermore, by using bottom edge pixel design 430_BE theperformance of the color dots at the bottom of display 460 are improveddue to the amplification of the fringe fields in the color dots.

FIG. 4( s) shows a portion of display 460 using pixel P(0, 399) of topleft corner pixel design 430_TLC, P (1, 399) of top edge pixel design430_TE, pixel P(0, 398) of left edge pixel design 430_LE, and P(1, 398)of pixel design 430. Each row of pixels would extend to the right. Tobetter illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; thisshading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 4( s) and has nofunctional significance. As explained above, the pixels of display 460are arranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dot polaritypattern (positive or negative) and each successive row should alternatebetween positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0,398) and P(1, 398) in row 398 have positive dot polarity pattern andpixels P(0, 399) and P(1, 399) in row 399 have the negative dot polaritypattern. However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dot polaritypatterns. By using top left corner pixel design 430_TLC for pixel P(0,399), the performance of the color dots in pixel P(0,399) are improveddue to the amplification of the fringe fields in the color dots in pixelP(0,399). Furthermore, by using top edge pixel design 430_TE for thepixels of the top row (i.e. row 399) in display 460, the performance ofthe color dots at the top of display 450 are improved due to theamplification of the fringe fields in the color dots.

As in display 440 (described above), due to the switching of polaritieson each row in display 460, if a color dot has the first polarity, anyneighboring polarized components have the second polarity. For example,color dot CD_3_2 of pixel P(0, 1) has negative polarity while, color dotCD_3_1 of pixel P(0, 0), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 andFFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 1) have positive polarity. In a particularembodiment of the present invention, each color dot has a width of 40micrometers and a height of 60 micrometers. Each fringe field amplifyingregion has a vertical amplifying portion width of 5 micrometers, avertical amplifying portion height of 145 micrometers, a horizontalamplifying portion width of 45 micrometers, a horizontal amplifyingheight of 5 micrometers. Horizontal dot spacing HDS1 is 15 micrometers,vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 25 micrometers, horizontal fringe fieldamplifying spacing HFFARS is 5 micrometers, and vertical fringe fieldamplifying spacing VFFARS is 5 micrometers.

FIGS. 5( a) and 5(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 510 (labeled 510+ and 510−) that is a variant of pixel design410. Because the layout and polarity of the color dots, the switchingelements, and the fringe field amplifying region are the same in pixeldesign 510 and pixel design 410 the description is not repeated. Theprimary difference between pixel design 510 and pixel design 410 is thatpixel design 510 includes conductor to facilitate coupling the fringefield amplifying regions to switching elements in other pixels.Specifically, a conductor 512 of a current pixel would couple theelectrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 to switching elementSE_1 (see FIG. 5( c)) of a pixel above the current pixel. The connectionto the switching element would be via the electrodes of the color dotsof the pixel above the current pixel. Similarly, a conductor 514 of acurrent pixel would couple the electrode of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_2 to switching element SE_2 (see FIG. 5( c)) of a pixelabove the current pixel. The connection to the switching element wouldbe via the electrodes of the color dots of the pixel above the currentpixel. A conductor 516 of a current pixel would couple the electrode offringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 to switching element SE_3 (seeFIG. 5( c)) of a pixel above the current pixel. The connection to theswitching element would be via the electrodes of the color dots of thepixel above the current pixel.

These connections are better shown in FIG. 5( c), which shows a portionof display 520 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0, 1), and P(1, 1) ofpixel design 510 with a switching element row inversion driving scheme.Display 520 could have thousands of rows with thousand of pixels on eachrow. The rows and columns would continue from the portion shown in FIG.5( c) in the manner shown in FIG. 5( c). For clarity, the gate lines andsource lines that control the switching elements are omitted in FIG. 5(c). The gate lines and source lines for display 520 would be identicalto the gate line and source lines of display 420 as illustrated in FIG.4( e) except that display 520 does not include use fringe fieldamplifying region switching elements. Furthermore, to better illustrateeach pixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading is only forillustrative purposes in FIG. 5( c) and has no functional significance.Like in display 420, the pixels of display 520 are arranged so that allpixels in a row have the same dot polarity pattern (positive ornegative) and each successive row should alternate between positive andnegative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) in thefirst row (i.e. row 0) have positive dot polarity pattern and pixelsP(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row (i.e. row 1) have the negative dotpolarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dotpolarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has a first dotpolarity pattern when y is even and a second dot polarity pattern when yis odd. Because display 520 is very similar to display 420, only thedifferences between display 520 and display 420 are described.Specifically, due to the inclusion of internal conductors 512, 514, and516 in pixel design 520, display 520 does not include fringe fieldamplifying region electrodes or fringe field amplifying region switchingelements. Instead the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive voltage polarity and voltage magnitude from a second pixel.Specifically, the second pixel is the pixel above the first pixel. Forexample, the electrodes of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(0, 1) viathe electrodes of color dots CD_1_2 of pixel P(0, 1). Similarly, theelectrodes of fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 of pixelP(0, 0) are coupled to switching elements SE_2, and SE_3 of pixelP(0, 1) via color dots CD_2_2, and CD_3_2 of pixel P(0, 1),respectively.

Due to the switching of polarities on each row in display 520, if acolor dot has the first polarity, any neighboring polarized componentshave the second polarity. For example, color dot CD_3_2 of pixel P(0, 1)has negative polarity while, color dot CD_3_1 of pixel P(0, 0), fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 1) havepositive polarity. In a particular embodiment of the present invention,each color dot has a width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60micrometers. Each fringe field amplifying region has a verticalamplifying portion width of 5 micrometers, a vertical amplifying portionheight of 145 micrometers, a horizontal amplifying portion width of 45micrometers, a horizontal amplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontaldot spacing HDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 25micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

Variants of pixel design 510 such as a bottom edge pixel design, a topedge pixel design, a left edge pixel design, a top left corner picturedesign, and a bottom left corner pixel design can be created using thevarious fringe field amplifying regions described above. These variantswould be used in a similar manner as described above with respect todisplay 450 and display 460.

FIGS. 6( a) and 6(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 610 (labeled 610+ and 610− as described below) that can be usedin displays having a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Inactual operation a pixel will switch between a first dot polaritypattern and a second dot polarity pattern between each image frame.Specifically, in FIG. 6( a), pixel design 610 has a positive dotpolarity pattern (and is thus labeled 610+) and in FIG. 6( b), pixeldesign 610 has a negative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled610−). Furthermore, the polarity of each polarized component in thevarious pixel designs are indicated with “+” for positive polarity or“−” for negative polarity.

Pixel design 610 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3. Each ofthe three color components includes two color dots. Pixel design 610also includes a switching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3)for each color component and a fringe field amplifying region(referenced as FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component.Switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Devicecomponent areas DCA_1, DCA_2, and DCA_3 are defined around switchingelement SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3. Device component areas DCA_1, DCA_2, andDCA_3 have a device component area height DCAH and a device componentwidth DCAW.

First color component CC_1 of pixel design 610 has two color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2. Color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 form a column and are separatedby a vertical dot pacing VDS1. In other words, color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dotspacing VDS1. Furthermore, color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are verticallyoffset by vertical dot offset VDO1 which is equal to vertical dotspacing VDS1 plus the color dot height CDH. As illustrated by theconnection between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2, in some embodiments ofthe present invention the electrodes of color dot CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 arecoupled together in the same process steps as the formation of theelectrodes. Device component area DCA_1 is located below color dotCD_1_2 and separated from color dot CD_1_2 by a vertical dot spacingVDS2. Switching element SE_1 is located within device component areaDCA_1. Thus, color dot CD_1_2 is located between color dot CD_1_1 andswitching element SE_1. Switching element SE_1 is coupled to theelectrodes of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 to control the voltagepolarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.

Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 610 has two colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 form a secondcolumn and are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separatedby vertical dot spacing VDS1. Device component area DCA_2 is locatedbelow color dot CD_2_2 and separated from color dot CD_1_2 by verticaldot spacing VDS2. Switching element SE_2 is located within devicecomponent area DCA_2. Switching element SE_2 is coupled to theelectrodes of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 to control the voltagepolarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Secondcolor component CC_2 is vertically aligned with first color componentCC_1 and separated from color component CC_1 by a horizontal dot spacingHDS1, thus color components CC_2 and CC_1 are horizontally offset by ahorizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal to horizontal dot spacingHDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specifically with regards to thecolor dots, color dot CD_2_1 is vertically aligned with color dotsCD_1_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1.Similarly, color dot CD_2_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_1_1 and color dot CD_2_1 form a first row of color dots and colordot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_2_2 form a second row of color dots.

Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 610 has two colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 form a third columnand are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated byvertical dot spacing VDS1. Device component area DCA_3 is located belowcolor dot CD_3_2 and separated from color dot CD_3_2 by a vertical dotspacing VDS2. Switching element SE_3 is located within device componentarea DCA_3. Switching element SE_3 is coupled to the electrodes of colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltagemagnitude of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Third color component CC_3 isvertically aligned with second color component CC_2 and separated fromcolor component CC_2 by horizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus colorcomponents CC_3 and CC_2 are horizontally offset by a horizontal dotoffset HDO1. Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dotCD_3_1 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1 and horizontallyseparated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_3_2 isvertically aligned with color dots CD_2_2 and horizontally separated byhorizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus color dot CD_3_1 is on the first rowof color dots and color dot CD_3_2 is on the second row of color dots.

Pixel design 610 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. The fringe field amplifying regions of FIGS. 6(a)-6(b) have the same basic shape as the fringe field amplifying regionsof FIG. 4( a)-4(b). Thus the same nomenclature (i.e. horizontalamplifying portion HAP and vertical amplifying portion VAP are usedagain.)

As shown in FIG. 6( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2,and FFAR_3 are placed in between the color dots of pixel design 610.Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed so thatthe horizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. However, unlike fringe field amplifying regionsof pixel design 410, the fringe field amplifying regions of pixel design610 do not extend to the end of the left side of color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 due to the interconnection between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.The vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1is placed to the right of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a horizontal fringe fieldamplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dot CD_1_1and along the top and right side of color dot CD_1_2. Furthermore, thisplacement also causes the vertical amplifying portion of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1 to be in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_2_1and in between color dots CD_1_2 and CD_2_2.

Similarly, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed so that thehorizontal amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2lies in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separated from colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying regionspacing VFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_2 is placed to the right of color dots CD_2_1 andCD_2_2 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by ahorizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the rightside of color dot CD_2_1 and along the top and right side of color dotCD_2_2. This placement also causes the vertical amplifying portion offringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 to be in between color dots CD_2_1and CD_3_1 and in between color dots CD_2_2 and CD_3_2.

Fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed so that the horizontalamplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 lies inbetween color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacingVFFARS. The vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 is placed to the right of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 andis separated from color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a horizontal fringefield amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Thus, fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dotCD_3_1 and along the top and right side of color dot CD_3_2.

Pixel design 610 is also designed so that the fringe field amplifyingregions receive polarity from an adjacent pixel. Specifically, a firstconductor is coupled to a fringe field amplifying region to receivepolarity from the pixel above the current pixel and a second conductoris coupled to the switching element to provide voltage polarity andvoltage magnitude to a fringe field amplifying region of a pixel belowthe current pixel. For example, conductor 612, which is coupled to theelectrode of the fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1, extends upwardto connect to the equivalent conductor of conductor 613 of a pixel abovethe current pixel to receive polarity. (see FIG. 6( c)). Conductor 613,which is coupled to switching element SE_1 extends to the right and thendownward to connect to the equivalent conductor of conductor 612 in thepixel below the current pixel. Conductors 614 and 615 serve the samepurpose for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 as conductors 612 and613 for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3. In addition, conductors616 and 617 serve the same purpose for fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_3 as conductors 612 and 613 for fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 6(a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 610+,all the switching elements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, andSE_3); all the color dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1,CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and 3_2) have positive polarity. However, all the fringefield amplifying regions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have negative polarity.

FIG. 6( b) shows pixel design 610 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, all the switchingelements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) and all thecolor dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and3_2) have negative polarity. However, all the fringe field amplifyingregions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, andFFAR_3) have positive polarity.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 610 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to further enhance andstabilize the formation of multiple domain liquid crystal structure. Ingeneral, the polarities of the polarized components are assigned so thata color dot of a first polarity has neighboring polarized components ofthe second polarity. For example for the positive dot polarity patternof pixel design 610 (FIG. 6( a)), color dot CD_2_2 has positivepolarity. However the neighboring polarized components (fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_1) have negative polarity. Thus, thefringe field of color dot CD_2_2 is amplified. Furthermore, as explainedbelow, the polarity reversing scheme is carried out at the display levelas well so that the color dot of another pixel that is placed next tocolor dot CD_1_2 would have negative polarity (see FIG. 6( c)).

Pixels using pixel design 610 of FIGS. 6( a) and 6(b) can be used indisplays using switching element row inversion driving schemes. FIG. 6(c) shows a portion of display 620 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0,1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 610 with a switching element rowinversion driving scheme. Display 620 could have thousands of rows withthousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continue fromthe portion shown in FIG. 6( c) in the manner shown in FIG. 6( c). Forclarity, the gate lines and source lines that control the switchingelements are omitted in FIG. 6( c). The Gate lines and source lines fordisplay 610 would be virtually identical to the gate line and sourcelines illustrated in FIG. 4( e) except that display 610 would not usefringe field amplifying region switching elements and fringe fieldamplifying region electrodes. Furthermore, to better illustrate eachpixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading is only forillustrative purposes in FIG. 6( c) and has no functional significance.In display 620 the pixels are arranged so that all pixels in a row havethe same dot polarity pattern (positive or negative) and each successiverow should alternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern.Thus, pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) in the first row (i.e. row 0) havepositive dot polarity pattern and pixels P(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in thesecond row (i.e. row 1) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However,at the next frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. Thus ingeneral a pixel P(x, y) has a first dot polarity pattern when y is evenand a second dot polarity pattern when y is odd.

Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned and separatedhorizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel are separatedfrom the left most color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally aligned andseparated by a vertical dot spacing VDS3.

As stated above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive polarity from the switching elements of a second pixel. Forexample, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixelP(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 612 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 613 of pixel P(0, 1).Similarly, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_2 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 614 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 615 of pixel P(0, 1). Inaddition, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_3 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 616 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 617 of pixel P(0, 1).

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, each color dot hasa width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60 micrometers. Each fringefield amplifying region has a vertical amplifying portion width of 135micrometers, a vertical amplifying portion height of 5 micrometers, ahorizontal amplifying portion width of 35 micrometers, a horizontalamplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontal dot spacing HDS1 is 15micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dotspacing VDS2 is 5 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS3 is 5micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

FIGS. 7( a) and 7(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 710 (labeled 710+ and 710− as described below) that can be usedin displays having a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Inactual operation a pixel will switch between a first dot polaritypattern and a second dot polarity pattern between each image frame.Specifically, in FIG. 7( a), pixel design 710 has a positive dotpolarity pattern (and is thus labeled 710+) and in FIG. 7( b), pixeldesign 710 has a negative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled710−). Furthermore, the polarity of each polarized component in thevarious pixel designs are indicated with “+” for positive polarity or“−” for negative polarity.

Pixel design 710 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3. Each ofthe three color components includes two color dots. Pixel design 710also includes a switching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3)for each color component and a fringe field amplifying region(referenced as FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component.Switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Devicecomponent areas DCA_1, DCA_2, and DCA_3 are defined around switchingelement SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3. Device component areas DCA_1, DCA_2, andDCA_3 have a device component area height DCAH and a device componentwidth DCAW.

First color component CC_1 of pixel design 710 has two color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2. Color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 form a column and are separatedby a vertical dot pacing VDS1. In other words, color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dotspacing VDS1. Furthermore, color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are verticallyoffset by vertical dot offset VDO1 which is equal to vertical dotspacing VDS1 plus the color dot height CDH. As illustrated by theconnection between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2, in some embodiments ofthe present invention the electrodes of color dot CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 arecoupled together in the same process steps as the formation of theelectrodes. Device component area DCA_1 is located below color dotCD_1_2 and separated from color dot CD_1_2 by a vertical dot spacingVDS2. Switching element SE_1 is located within device component areaDCA_1. Switching element SE_1 is coupled to the electrodes of color dotsCD_1_1 and CD_1_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitudeof color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.

Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 710 has two colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 form a secondcolumn and are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separatedby vertical dot spacing VDS1. Device component area DCA_2 is locatedbelow color dot CD_2_2 and separated from color dot CD_1_2 by verticaldot spacing VDS2. Switching element SE_2 is located within devicecomponent area DCA_2. Switching element SE_2 is coupled to theelectrodes of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 to control the voltagepolarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Secondcolor component CC_2 is vertically aligned with first color componentCC_1 and separated from color component CC_1 by a horizontal dot spacingHDS1, thus color components CC_2 and CC_1 are horizontally offset by ahorizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal to horizontal dot spacingHDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specifically with regards to thecolor dots, color dot CD_2_1 is vertically aligned with color dotsCD_1_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1.Similarly, color dot CD_2_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_1_1 and color dot CD_2_1 form a first row of color dots and colordot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_2_2 form a second row of color dots.

Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 710 has two colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 form a third columnand are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated byvertical dot spacing VDS1. Device component area DCA_3 is located belowcolor dot CD_1_3 and separated from color dot CD_1_3 by a vertical dotspacing VDS2. Switching element SE_3 is located within device componentarea DCA_3. Switching element SE_3 is coupled to the electrodes of colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltagemagnitude of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Third color component CC_3 isvertically aligned with second color component CC_2 and separated fromcolor component CC_2 by horizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus colorcomponents CC_3 and CC_2 are horizontally offset by a horizontal dotoffset HDO1. Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dotCD_3_1 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1 and horizontallyseparated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_3_2 isvertically aligned with color dots CD_2_2 and horizontally separated byhorizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus color dot CD_3_1 is on the first rowof color dots and color dot CD_3_2 is on the second row of color dots.

Pixel design 710 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. FIG. 7( c) shows a more detailed view of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel design 710. For clarity fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1 is conceptually divided into a verticalamplifying portion VAP, a first horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1, asecond horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2, and a third horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 is locatedat the top of and extends to the left of vertical amplifying portionVAP; horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 is vertically centered on andextends to the left of vertical amplifying portion VAP; and horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3 is at the bottom of and extends to the left ofvertical amplifying portion VAP. As explained above, use of horizontalamplifying portions and vertical amplifying portions allows clearerdescription of the placement of fringe field amplifying region FFAR1.Horizontal amplifying portions HAP_1, HAP_2, and HAP_3 have horizontalamplifying portion width HAP_W_1, HAP_W_2, and HAP_W_3, respectively,and horizontal amplifying portion height HAP_H_1, HAP_H_2, and HAP_H_3.In the particular embodiment of FIGS. 7( a)-7(d), horizontal amplifyingportion widths HAP_W_1 and HAP_W_2 are equal and horizontal amplifyingportion widths HAP_W_2 is less than horizontal amplifying widths HAP_W_1and HAP_W_3. Vertical amplifying portion VAP has a vertical amplifyingportion width VAP_W and a vertical amplifying portion height HAP_H.Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 have the same shape asfringe field amplifying region FFAR_1.

As shown in FIG. 7( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2,and FFAR_3 are placed in between the color dots of pixel design 710.Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed so thathorizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 does not extend to the end of the leftside of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 due to the interconnection betweencolor dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed to the right of color dotsCD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 bya horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Horizontalamplifying portion HAP_1 extends above color dot CD_1_1 and horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3 extends below color dot CD_1_2. Thus, fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the top, the bottom and theright side of color dot CD_1_1 and along the top, the bottom and theright side of color dot CD_1_2. Furthermore, this placement also causesthe vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1to be in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_2_1 and in between color dotsCD_1_2 and CD_2_2.

Similarly, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed so thathorizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 lies in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 does not extend to the end of the leftside of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 due to the interconnection betweencolor dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed to the right of color dotsCD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 bya horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Horizontalamplifying portion HAP_2 extends above color dot CD_2_1 and horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3 extends below color dot CD_2_2. Thus, fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 extends along the top, the bottom and theright side of color dot CD_2_1 and along the top, the bottom and theright side of color dot CD_2_2. Furthermore, this placement also causesthe vertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1to be in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_3_1 and in between color dotsCD_2_2 and CD_3_2.

Fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed so that horizontalamplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 liesin between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacingVFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_3 of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 does not extend to the end of the left side of color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 due to the interconnection between color dots CD_3_1and CD_3_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 is placed to the right of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 andis separated from color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a horizontal fringefield amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portionHAP_1 extends above color dot CD_3_1 and horizontal amplifying portionHAP_3 extends below color dot CD_3_2. Thus, fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 extends along the top, the bottom and the right side ofcolor dot CD_3_1 and along the top, the bottom and the right side ofcolor dot CD_3_2.

Pixel design 710 is also designed so that the fringe field amplifyingregions receive polarity from an adjacent pixel. Specifically, a firstconductor is coupled to a fringe field amplifying region to receivepolarity from the pixel above the current pixel and a second conductoris coupled to the switching element to provide polarity to a fringefield amplifying region of a pixel below the current pixel. For example,conductor 712, which is coupled to the electrode of the fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1, extends upward to connect to the equivalentconductor of conductor 713 of a pixel above the current pixel to receivepolarity. (see FIG. 7( d)). Conductor 713, which is coupled to switchingelement SE_1 extends downward to connect to the equivalent conductor ofconductor 712 in the pixel below the current pixel. Conductors 714 and715 serve the same purpose for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 asconductors 712 and 713 for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1. Inaddition, conductors 716 and 717 serve the same purpose for fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_3 as conductors 712 and 713 for fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 7(a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 710+,all the switching elements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, andSE_3); all the color dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1,CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and 3_2) have positive polarity. However, all the fringefield amplifying regions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have negative polarity.

FIG. 7( b) shows pixel design 710 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, all the switchingelements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) and all thecolor dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_3_1, and3_2) have negative polarity. However, all the fringe field amplifyingregions (i.e. fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, andFFAR_3) have positive polarity.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 710 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to further enhance theformation of multiple domain liquid crystal structure. In general, thepolarities of the polarized components are assigned so that a color dotof a first polarity has neighboring polarized components of the secondpolarity. For example for the positive dot polarity pattern of pixeldesign 710 (FIG. 7( a)), color dot CD_2_2 has positive polarity. Howeverthe neighboring polarized components (fringe field amplifying regionsFFAR_2 and FFAR_1) have negative polarity. Thus, the fringe field ofcolor dot CD_2_2 is amplified. Furthermore, as explained below, thepolarity reversing scheme is carried out at the display level as well sothat the color dot of another pixel that is placed next to color dotCD_1_2 would have negative polarity (see FIG. 7( d)).

Pixels using pixel design 710 of FIGS. 7( a) and 7(b) can be used indisplays using switching element row inversion driving schemes. FIG. 7(d) shows a portion of display 720 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0,1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 710 with a switching element rowinversion driving scheme. Display 720 could have thousands of rows withthousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continue fromthe portion shown in FIG. 7( d) in the manner shown in FIG. 7( d). Forclarity, the gate lines and source lines that control the switchingelements are omitted in FIG. 7( d). The Gate lines and source lines fordisplay 710 would be virtually identical to the gate line and sourcelines illustrated in FIG. 4( e) except that display 710 would not usefringe field amplifying region switching elements and fringe fieldamplifying region electrodes. To better illustrate each pixel, the areaof each pixel is shaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposesin FIG. 7( d) and has no functional significance. In display 720 thepixels are arranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dotpolarity pattern (positive or negative) and each successive row shouldalternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus,pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) in the first row (i.e. row 0) have positivedot polarity pattern and pixels P(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row(i.e. row 1) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However, at thenext frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. Thus in generala pixel P(x, y) has a first dot polarity pattern when y is even and asecond dot polarity pattern when y is odd.

Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned and separatedhorizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel are separatedfrom the leftmost color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally aligned andseparated by a vertical dot spacing VDS3.

As stated above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive polarity from the switching elements of a second pixel. Forexample, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixelP(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 712 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 713 of pixel P(0, 1).Similarly, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_2 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 714 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 715 of pixel P(0, 1). Inaddition, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_3 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 716 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 717 of pixel P(0, 1).

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, each color dot hasa width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60 micrometers. Each fringefield amplifying region has a vertical amplifying portion width of 5micrometers, a vertical amplifying portion height of 155 micrometers, ahorizontal amplifying portion width of 45 micrometers, a horizontalamplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontal dot spacing HDS1 is 15micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dotspacing VDS2 is 15 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS3 is 5micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

Pixel design 710 can easily be adapted for use in displays having fringefield amplifying region switching elements and fringe field amplifyingregions electrodes. As illustrated in FIG. 7( e), a display 730 uses amodified pixel design 710 in which conductors 712, 713, 714, 715, 716and 717 omitted. Specifically, FIG. 7( e) shows a portion of display 730using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0, 1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 710with a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Display 730 couldhave thousands of rows with thousand of pixels on each row. The rows andcolumns would continue from the portion shown in FIG. 7( e) in themanner shown in FIG. 7( e). For clarity, the gate lines and source linesthat control the switching elements are omitted in FIG. 7( e).Furthermore, to better illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel isshaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 7( e) andhas no functional significance. In display 730 the pixels are arrangedso that all pixels in a row have the same dot polarity pattern (positiveor negative) and each successive row should alternate between positiveand negative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) inthe first row (i.e. row 0) have positive dot polarity pattern and pixelsP(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row (i.e. row 1) have the negative dotpolarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dotpolarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has a first dotpolarity pattern when y is even and a second dot polarity pattern when yis odd.

Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned and separatedhorizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel are separatedfrom the left most color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally aligned andseparated by a vertical dot spacing VDS3.

For display 730, the fringe field amplifying regions of a pixel usingpixel design 710 receives proper polarity from outside the pixel. Thusin display 730, each row of pixels has a corresponding fringe fieldamplifying region switching element coupled to a fringe field amplifyingelectrode that extends across display 730. The fringe field amplifyingregions of the pixels in the corresponding row of pixels are coupled tothe corresponding fringe field amplifying electrode to receive polarityfrom the fringe field amplifying region switching element. Specificallyfor row 0, fringe field amplifying region switching element FFARSE_0 ison the left side of display 730. Fringe field amplifying regionelectrode FFARE_0 is coupled to fringe field amplifying region switchingelement FFARSE_0 and extends across display 730. Fringe field amplifyingregions in the pixels of row 0 are coupled to fringe field amplifyingregion electrode FFARE_0. Specifically, the fringe field amplifyingregions of pixel P(0, 0) and pixel P(1, 0) are coupled to fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_. For row 1, fringe field amplifyingregion switching element FFARSE_1 is on the right side of display 730.Fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_1 is coupled to fringefield amplifying region switching element FFARSE_1 and extends acrossdisplay 730. Fringe field amplifying regions in the pixels of row 1 arecoupled to fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_1.Specifically, the fringe field amplifying regions of pixel P(0, 1) andpixel P(1, 1) are coupled to fringe field amplifying region electrodeFFARE_1. In FIG. 7( e), fringe field amplifying region switchingelements FFARSE_0 and FFARSE_1 have negative polarity and positivepolarity respectively. However in the next frame the polarities arereversed. Some embodiments of the present invention may put all thefringe field amplifying region switching elements on the same side ofthe display.

Due to the switching of polarities on each row in display 730, if acolor dot has the first polarity, any neighboring polarized componentshave the second polarity. For example, color dot CD_1_1 of pixel P(1, 1)has negative polarity while, color dot CD_3_1 of pixel P(0, 1), fringefield amplifying region FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 1) and fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel P(1, 1) have positive polarity.

Some embodiments of the present invention may enhance display 730 byincluding a left edge pixel design. Specifically, the left edge pixeldesign variant of pixel design 710 would include a first componentfringe field amplifying region that includes a left vertical amplifyingportion VAP_L on running along the left side of color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2.

FIGS. 8( a) and 8(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 810 (labeled 810+ and 810− as described below) that can be usedin displays having a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Inactual operation a pixel will switch between a first dot polaritypattern and a second dot polarity pattern between each image frame.Specifically, in FIG. 8( a), pixel design 810 has a positive dotpolarity pattern (and is thus labeled 810+) and in FIG. 8( b), pixeldesign 810 has a negative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled810−). Furthermore, the polarity of each polarized component in thevarious pixel designs are indicated with “+” for positive polarity or“−” for negative polarity.

Pixel design 810 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3. Each ofthe three color components includes three color dots. Pixel design 810also includes a switching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3)for each color component and a fringe field amplifying region(referenced as FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component.Switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Devicecomponent areas around each switching element are covered by the fringefield amplifying regions and are thus not specifically labeled in FIGS.8( a) and 8(b).

First color component CC_1 of pixel design 810 has three color dotsCD_1_1, CD_1_2, and CD_1_3. Color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, and CD_1_3 form acolumn. Color dot CD_1_1 is separated from color dot CD_1_2 by avertical dot pacing VDS1. Color dot CD_1_2 is separated from color dotCD_1_3 by vertical dot spacing VDS2. As illustrated by the connectionbetween color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2, in some embodiments of the presentinvention the electrodes of color dot CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are coupledtogether in the same process steps as the formation of the electrodes.Switching element SE_1 is located between color dots CD_1_2 and colordot CD_1_3. Switching element SE_1 is coupled to the electrodes of colordots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, and CD_1_3 to control the voltage polarity andvoltage magnitude of color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, and CD_1_3.

Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 810 has threecolor dots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, and CD_2_3. Color dots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, andCD_2_3 form a column. Color dot CD_2_1 is separated from color dotCD_2_2 by a vertical dot pacing VDS1. Color dot CD_2_2 is separated fromcolor dot CD_2_3 by vertical dot spacing VDS2. As illustrated by theconnection between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2, in some embodiments ofthe present invention the electrodes of color dot CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 arecoupled together in the same process steps as the formation of theelectrodes. Switching element SE_2 is located between color dots CD_2_2and color dot CD_2_3. Switching element SE_2 is coupled to theelectrodes of color dots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, and CD_2_3 to control thevoltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, andCD_2_3. Second color component CC_2 is vertically aligned with firstcolor component CC_1 and separated from color component CC_1 by ahorizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus color components CC_2 and CC_1 arehorizontally offset by a horizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal tohorizontal dot spacing HDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specificallywith regards to the color dots, color dot CD_2_1 is vertically alignedwith color dots CD_1_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_2_2 is vertically aligned withcolor dots CD_1_2 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacingHDS1 and color dot CD_2_3 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_1_3and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_1_1 and color dot CD_2_1 form a first row of color dots, colordot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_2_2 form a second row of color dots, andcolor dot CD_1_3 and color dot CD_2_3 form a third row of color dots.

Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 810 has threecolor dots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, and CD_3_3. Color dots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, andCD_3_3 form a column. Color dot CD_3_1 is separated from color dotCD_3_2 by a vertical dot pacing VDS1. Color dot CD_3_2 is separated fromcolor dot CD_3_3 by vertical dot spacing VDS2. As illustrated by theconnection between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2, in some embodiments ofthe present invention the electrodes of color dot CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 arecoupled together in the same process steps as the formation of theelectrodes. Switching element SE_3 is located between color dots CD_3_2and color dot CD_3_3. Switching element SE_3 is coupled to theelectrodes of color dots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, and CD_3_3 to control thevoltage polarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, andCD_3_3. Third color component CC_3 is vertically aligned with secondcolor component CC_2 and separated from color component CC_2 by ahorizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus color components CC_3 and CC_2 arehorizontally offset by a horizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal tohorizontal dot spacing HDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specificallywith regards to the color dots, color dot CD_3_1 is vertically alignedwith color dots CD_2_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_3_2 is vertically aligned withcolor dots CD_2_2 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacingHDS1 and color dot CD_3_3 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_3and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_3_1 is on the first row of color dots, color dot CD_3_2 is on thesecond row of color dots, and color dot CD_3_3 is on the third row ofcolor dots.

Pixel design 810 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. FIG. 8( c) shows a more detailed view of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel design 810. For clarity fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1 is conceptually divided into a verticalamplifying portion VAP, a first horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1, anda second horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2. Horizontal amplifyingportion HAP_1 is approximately one-third of the way down from the top ofvertical amplifying portion VAP and extends to the left of verticalamplifying portion VAP; horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2approximately one-third of the way up from the bottom of verticalamplifying portion VAP and extends to the left of vertical amplifyingportion VAP. As explained above, use of horizontal amplifying portionsand vertical amplifying portions allows clearer description of theplacement of fringe field amplifying region FFAR1. Horizontal amplifyingportions HAP_1 and HAP_2 have horizontal amplifying portion widthHAP_W_1 and HAP_W_2, respectively, and horizontal amplifying portionheight HAP_H_1 and HAP_H_2. In the particular embodiment of FIGS. 8(a)-8(d), horizontal amplifying portion widths HAP_W_2 is less thanhorizontal amplifying widths HAP_W_1. Vertical amplifying portion VAPhas a vertical amplifying portion width VAP_W and a vertical amplifyingportion height VAP_H. Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3have the same shape as fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1.

As shown in FIG. 8( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2,and FFAR_3 are placed in between the color dots of pixel design 810.Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed so thathorizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 does not extend to the end of the leftside of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 due to the interconnection betweencolor dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed to the right of color dotsCD_1_1, CD_1_2, and CD_1_3 and is separated from color dots CD_1_1,CD_1_2, and CD_1_3 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying regionspacing HFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 extends betweencolor dot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_1_3. Thus, fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_1 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dotCD_1_1; along the top, the bottom and the right side of color dotCD_1_2; and along the top and right side of color dot CD_1_3.Furthermore, this placement also causes the vertical amplifying portionof fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 to be in between color dotsCD_1_1 and CD_2_1, between color dots CD_1_2 and CD_2_2, and betweencolor dots CD_1_3 and CD_2_3.

Similarly, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed so thathorizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 lies in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 does not extend to the end of the leftside of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 due to the interconnection betweencolor dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed to the right of color dotsCD_2_1, CD_2_2, and CD_2_3 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1,CD_2_2, and CD_2_3 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying regionspacing HFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 extends betweencolor dot CD_2_2 and color dot CD_2_3. Thus, fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_2 extends along the bottom and the right side of color dotCD_2_1; along the top, the bottom and the right side of color dotCD_2_2; and along the top and right side of color dot CD_2_3.Furthermore, this placement also causes the vertical amplifying portionof fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 to be in between color dotsCD_2_1 and CD_3_1, between color dots CD_2_2 and CD_3_2, and betweencolor dots CD_2_3 and CD_3_3.

Fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed so that horizontalamplifying portion HAP_1 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 liesin between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacingVFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 does not extend to the end of the left side of color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 due to the interconnection between color dots CD_3_1and CD_3_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 is placed to the right of color dots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, andCD_3_3 and is separated from color dots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, and CD_3_3 by ahorizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3 extends between color dot CD_3_2 and color dotCD_3_3. Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 extends along thebottom and the right side of color dot CD_3_1; along the top, the bottomand the right side of color dot CD_3_2; and along the top and right sideof color dot CD_3_3. Furthermore, this placement also causes thevertical amplifying portion of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 tobe in between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_1_1 of the adjacent pixel,between color dots CD_3_2 and CD_1_2 of the adjacent pixel, and betweencolor dots CD_3_3 and CD_1_3 of the adjacent pixel.

Pixel design 810 is also designed so that the fringe field amplifyingregions receive polarity from an adjacent pixel. Specifically, aconductor is coupled to a fringe field amplifying region to receivepolarity from the pixel above the current pixel. Specifically, aconductor 812 of a current pixel would couple the electrode of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 to switching element SE_1 (see FIG. 8(d)) of a pixel above the current pixel. The connection to the switchingelement would be via the electrodes of the color dots of the pixel abovethe current pixel. Similarly, a conductor 814 of a current pixel wouldcouple the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 toswitching element SE_2 (see FIG. 8( d)) of a pixel above the currentpixel. The connection to the switching element would be via theelectrodes of the color dots of the pixel above the current pixel. Aconductor 816 of a current pixel would couple the electrode of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_3 to switching element SE_3 (see FIG. 8(d)) of a pixel above the current pixel. The connection to the switchingelement would be via the electrodes of the color dots of the pixel abovethe current pixel.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 8(a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 810+,all the switching elements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, andSE_3); all the color dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3,CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_2_3, CD_3_1, CD_3_2, and CD_3_3) have positivepolarity. However, all the fringe field amplifying regions (i.e. fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have negativepolarity.

FIG. 8( b) shows pixel design 810 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, all the switchingelements (i.e. switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) and all thecolor dots (i.e. color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3, CD_2_1, CD_2_2,CD_2_3, CD_3_1, CD_3_2, and CD_3_3) have negative polarity. However, allthe fringe field amplifying regions (i.e. fringe field amplifyingregions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) have positive polarity.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 810 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to further enhance theformation of multiple domain liquid crystal structure. In general, thepolarities of the polarized components are assigned so that a color dotof a first polarity has neighboring polarized components of the secondpolarity. For example for the positive dot polarity pattern of pixeldesign 810 (FIG. 8( a)), color dot CD_2_2 has positive polarity. Howeverthe neighboring polarized components (fringe field amplifying regionsFFAR_1 and FFAR_2) have negative polarity. Thus, the fringe field ofcolor dot CD_2_2 is amplified. Furthermore, as explained below, thepolarity reversing scheme is carried out at the display level as well sothat the color dot of another pixel that is placed next to color dotCD_1_1 would have negative polarity (see FIG. 8( d)).

Pixels using pixel design 810 of FIGS. 8( a) and 8(b) can be used indisplays using switching element row inversion driving schemes. FIG. 8(d) shows a portion of display 820 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0,1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 810 with a switching element rowinversion driving scheme. Display 820 could have thousands of rows withthousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continue fromthe portion shown in FIG. 8( d) in the manner shown in FIG. 8( d). Forclarity, the gate lines and source lines that control the switchingelements are omitted in FIG. 8( d). The Gate lines and source lines fordisplay 810 would be virtually identical to the gate line and sourcelines illustrated in FIG. 4( e) except that display 810 would not usefringe field amplifying region switching elements and fringe fieldamplifying region electrodes. To better illustrate each pixel, the areaof each pixel is shaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposesin FIG. 8( d) and has no functional significance. In display 820 thepixels are arranged so that all pixels in a row have the same dotpolarity pattern (positive or negative) and each successive row shouldalternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus,pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 0) in the first row (i.e. row 0) have positivedot polarity pattern and pixels P(0, 1) and P(1, 1) in the second row(i.e. row 1) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However, at thenext frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. Thus in generala pixel P(x, y) has a first dot polarity pattern when y is even and asecond dot polarity pattern when y is odd.

Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned and separatedhorizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel are separatedfrom the leftmost color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally aligned andseparated by a vertical dot spacing VDS3.

As stated above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive polarity from the switching elements of a second pixel. Forexample, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixelP(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 812 of pixel P(0, 0) and the electrode of color dot CD_1_3 ofpixel P(0, 1). Similarly, the electrode of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_2 of pixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_2 ofpixel P(0, 1) via conductor 814 of pixel P(0, 0) color dot CD_2_3 ofpixel P(0, 1). In addition, the electrode of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_3 ofpixel P(0, 1) via conductor 816 of pixel P(0, 0) and color dot CD_1_3pixel P(0, 1).

Variants of pixel design 810 such as a bottom edge pixel design, a topedge pixel design, a left edge pixel design, a top left corner picturedesign, and a bottom left corner pixel design can be created usingmodified fringe field amplifying regions. For example, top horizontalamplifying portions can be added for pixels at the top edge of thedisplay, bottom horizontal amplifying regions can be added for pixels atthe bottom edge of the display, and left vertical amplifying portionscan be added for pixels at the left edge of the display. These variantswould be used in a similar manner as described above with respect todisplay 450 and display 460.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention using pixel design810, each color dot has a width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60micrometers. Each fringe field amplifying region has a verticalamplifying portion width of 5 micrometers, a vertical amplifying portionheight of 220 micrometers, a horizontal amplifying portion width ofHAP_W_1 is 35 micrometers, HAP_W_2 is 45 micrometers, a horizontalamplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontal dot spacing HDS1 is 15micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dotspacing VDS2 is 25 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS3 is 5micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 910 (labeled 910+ and 910− as described below) that can be usedin displays having a switching element point inversion driving scheme.In actual operation a pixel will switch between a first dot polaritypattern and a second dot polarity pattern between each image frame.Specifically, in FIG. 9( a), pixel design 910 has a positive dotpolarity pattern (and is thus labeled 910+) and in FIG. 9( b), pixeldesign 910 has a negative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled910−). Furthermore, the polarity of each polarized component in thevarious pixel designs are indicated with “+” for positive polarity or“−” for negative polarity.

Pixel design 910 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3. Each ofthe three color components includes two color dots. Pixel design 910also includes a switching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3)for each color component and a fringe field amplifying region(referenced as FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component.Switching elements SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Devicecomponent areas DCA_1, DCA_2, and DCA_3 are defined around switchingelement SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3. Device component areas DCA_1, DCA_2, andDCA_3 have a device component area height DCAH and a device componentwidth DCAW.

First color component CC_1 of pixel design 910 has two color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2. Color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 form a column and are separatedby a vertical dot pacing VDS1. In other words, color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated by vertical dotspacing VDS1. Furthermore, color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 are verticallyoffset by vertical dot offset VDO1 which is equal to vertical dotspacing VDS1 plus the color dot height CDH. As illustrated by theconnection between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2, in some embodiments ofthe present invention the electrodes of color dot CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 arecoupled together in the same process steps as the formation of theelectrodes. Device component area DCA_1 is located below color dotCD_1_2 and separated from color dot CD_1_2 by a vertical dot spacingVDS2. Switching element SE_1 is located within device component areaDCA_1. Switching element SE_1 is coupled to the electrodes of color dotsCD_1_1 and CD_1_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitudeof color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2.

Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 910 has two colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 form a secondcolumn and are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separatedby vertical dot spacing VDS1. Device component area DCA_2 is locatedbelow color dot CD_2_2 and separated from color dot CD_2_2 by verticaldot spacing VDS2. Switching element SE_2 is located within devicecomponent area DCA_2. Switching element SE_2 is coupled to theelectrodes of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 to control the voltagepolarity and voltage magnitude of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Secondcolor component CC_2 is vertically aligned with first color componentCC_1 and separated from color component CC_1 by a horizontal dot spacingHDS1, thus color components CC_2 and CC_1 are horizontally offset by ahorizontal dot offset HDO1, which is equal to horizontal dot spacingHDS1 plus the color dot width CDW. Specifically with regards to thecolor dots, color dot CD_2_1 is vertically aligned with color dotsCD_1_1 and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1.Similarly, color dot CD_2_2 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_1_2and horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus colordot CD_1_1 and color dot CD_2_1 form a first row of color dots and colordot CD_1_2 and color dot CD_2_2 form a second row of color dots.

Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 910 has two colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 form a third columnand are separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS1. Thus, color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 are horizontally aligned and vertically separated byvertical dot spacing VDS1. Device component area DCA_3 is located belowcolor dot CD_3_2 and separated from color dot CD_3_2 by a vertical dotspacing VDS2. Switching element SE_3 is located within device componentarea DCA_3. Switching element SE_3 is coupled to the electrodes of colordots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 to control the voltage polarity and voltagemagnitude of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2. Third color component CC_3 isvertically aligned with second color component CC_2 and separated fromcolor component CC_2 by horizontal dot spacing HDS1, thus colorcomponents CC_3 and CC_2 are horizontally offset by a horizontal dotoffset HDO1. Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dotCD_3_1 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_1 and horizontallyseparated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Similarly, color dot CD_3_2 isvertically aligned with color dots CD_2_2 and horizontally separated byhorizontal dot spacing HDS1. Thus color dot CD_3_1 is on the first rowof color dots and color dot CD_3_2 is on the second row of color dots.

Pixel design 910 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. FIG. 9( c) shows a more detailed view of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel design 910. For clarity fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1 is conceptually divided into a firstvertical amplifying portion VAP_1, a second vertical amplifying portionVAP_2, a first horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1, a second horizontalamplifying portion HAP_2, and a third horizontal amplifying portionHAP_3. Vertical amplifying portions VAP_1 and VAP_2 are verticallyaligned and horizontally separated by the length of horizontalamplifying portion HAP_1. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 is locatedat the top of and extends between vertical amplifying portions VAP_1 andVAP_2. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 is vertically centered on andextends to the left of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1. Horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3 is at the bottom of and extends betweenvertical amplifying portions VAP_1 and VAP_2. As explained above, use ofhorizontal amplifying portions and vertical amplifying portions allowsclearer description of the placement of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR1. Horizontal amplifying portions HAP_1, HAP_2, and HAP_3 havehorizontal amplifying portion width HAP_W_1, HAP_W_2, and HAP_W_3,respectively, and horizontal amplifying portion height HAP_H_1, HAP_H_2,and HAP_H 3. In the particular embodiment of FIGS. 9( a)-9(d),horizontal amplifying portion widths HAP_W_1 and HAP_W_2 are equal andhorizontal amplifying portion widths HAP_W_2 is less than horizontalamplifying widths HAP_W_1 and HAP_W_3. Vertical amplifying portionsVAP_1 and VAP_2 have vertical amplifying portion width VAP_W_1 andVAP_W_2, respectively, and vertical amplifying portion heights VAP_H_1and VAP_H_2, respectively. Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 andFFAR_3 have the same shape as fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1.

As shown in FIG. 9( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2,and FFAR_3 are placed around color components CC_1, CC_2, and CC_3,respectively. Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 isplaced so that horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringefield amplifying region spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portionHAP_2 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 does not extend to theend of the left side of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 due to theinterconnection between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Verticalamplifying portion VAP_1 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 isplaced to the right of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a horizontal fringe fieldamplifying region spacing HFFARS. Vertical amplifying portion VAP_2 offringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 is placed to the left of colordots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 andCD_1_2 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS.Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 extends above color dot CD_1_1 andhorizontal amplifying portion HAP_3 extends below color dot CD_1_2.Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the top, thebottom, the right side and left side of color dot CD_1_1 and color dotCD_1_2.

Similarly, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed so thathorizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 lies in between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separatedfrom color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifyingregion spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 does not extend to the end of the leftside of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 due to the interconnection betweencolor dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP_1 offringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 is placed to the right of colordots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and is separated from color dots CD_2_1 andCD_2_2 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS.Vertical amplifying portion VAP_2 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 is placed to the left of color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 and isseparated from color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2 by a horizontal fringe fieldamplifying region spacing HFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2extends above color dot CD_2_1 and horizontal amplifying portion HAP_3extends below color dot CD_2_2. Thus, fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 extends along the top, the bottom, the left side of and the rightside of color dot CD_2_1 and color dot CD_2_2.

Fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed so that horizontalamplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 liesin between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a vertical fringe field amplifying region spacingVFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_3 of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 does not extend to the end of the left side of color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2 due to the interconnection between color dots CD_3_1and CD_3_2. Vertical amplifying portion VAP_1 of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_3 is placed to the right of color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 andis separated from color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 by a horizontal fringefield amplifying region spacing HFFARS. Vertical amplifying portionVAP_2 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 is placed to the left ofcolor dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2 and is separated from color dots CD_3_1 andCD_3_2 by a horizontal fringe field amplifying region spacing HFFARS.Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 extends above color dot CD_3_1 andhorizontal amplifying portion HAP_3 extends below color dot CD_3_2.Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 extends along the top, thebottom, the left side of and the right side of color dot CD_3_1 andcolor dot CD_3_2.

Pixel design 910 is designed so that the fringe field amplifying regionscan receive polarity from an adjacent pixel. Specifically, a firstconductor is coupled to a fringe field amplifying region to receivepolarity from the pixel above the current pixel and a second conductoris coupled to the switching element to provide polarity to a fringefield amplifying region of a pixel below the current pixel. For example,conductor 912, which is coupled to the electrode of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1, extends upward to connect to the equivalentconductor of conductor 913 of a pixel above the current pixel to receivepolarity. (see FIG. 9( d)). Conductor 913, which is coupled to switchingelement SE_1 extends downward to connect to the equivalent conductor ofconductor 912 in the pixel below the current pixel. Conductors 914 and915 serve the same purpose for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 asconductors 912 and 913 for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1. Inaddition, conductors 916 and 917 serve the same purpose for fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_3 as conductors 912 and 913 for fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 9(a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 910+,switching elements SE_1, and SE_3; color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_3_1 andCD_3_2; and fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 have positivepolarity. However, switching element SE_2; color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2;and fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 have negativepolarity.

FIG. 9( b) shows pixel design 910 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, switching elements SE_1,and SE_3; color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_3_1 and CD_3_2; and fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_2 have negative polarity. However, switchingelement SE_2; color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2; and fringe field amplifyingregions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 have negative positive.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 910 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to further enhance theformation of multiple domain liquid crystal structure. In general, thepolarities of the polarized components are assigned so that a color dotof a first polarity has neighboring polarized components of the secondpolarity. More specifically for pixel design 910, each color dot issurrounded on four sides by portions of a fringe field amplifying regionof an opposite polarity. For example for the positive dot polaritypattern of pixel design 910 (FIG. 9(a)), color dot CD_1_2 has positivepolarity and is surrounded by various portions of fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_1, having negative polarity. Thus, the fringefield of color dot CD_1_2 is amplified.

Pixels using pixel design 910 of FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b) can be used indisplays using switching element point inversion driving schemes. FIG.9( d) shows a portion of display 920 using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0,1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 910 with a switching element pointinversion driving scheme. Display 920 could have thousands of rows withthousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continue fromthe portion shown in FIG. 9( d) in the manner shown in FIG. 9( d). Forclarity, the gate lines and source lines that control the switchingelements are omitted in FIG. 9( d). To better illustrate each pixel, thearea of each pixel is shaded; this shading is only for illustrativepurposes in FIG. 9( d) and has no functional significance. In display920 the pixels are arranged so that pixels in a row alternate dotpolarity patterns (positive or negative) and pixels in a column alsoalternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus,pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 1) have positive dot polarity pattern and pixelsP(0, 1) and P(1, 0) have the negative dot polarity pattern. However, atthe next frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns. Thus ingeneral a pixel P(x, y) has a first dot polarity pattern when x+y iseven and a second dot polarity pattern when x+y is odd. Pixels on eachrow of pixels are vertically aligned and separated horizontally so thatthe right most color dots of a pixel are separated from the leftmostcolor dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Pixels ona column of pixels are horizontally aligned and separated by a verticaldot spacing VDS3.

As stated above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive polarity from the switching elements of a second pixel. Forexample, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixelP(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 912 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 913 of pixel P(0, 1).Similarly, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_2 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 914 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 915 of pixel P(0, 1). Inaddition, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 ofpixel P(0, 0) is coupled to switching elements SE_3 of pixel P(0, 1) viaconductor 917 of pixel P(0, 0) and conductor 917 of pixel P(0, 1).

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, each color dot hasa width of 40 micrometers and a height of 60 micrometers. Each fringefield amplifying region has a vertical amplifying portion width of 5micrometers, a vertical amplifying portion height of 155 micrometers, ahorizontal amplifying portion width of 45 micrometers, a horizontalamplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontal dot spacing HDS1 is 15micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS1 is 15 micrometers, vertical dotspacing VDS2 is 15 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS3 is 5micrometers, horizontal fringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5micrometers, and vertical fringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 5micrometers.

Pixel design 910 can easily be adapted for use in displays having fringefield amplifying region switching elements and fringe field amplifyingregions electrodes. As illustrated in FIG. 9( e), a display 930 usesmodified pixel design 910 in which conductors 912, 913, 914, 915, 916and 917 omitted. Specifically, FIG. 9( e) shows a portion of display 930using pixels P(0, 0), P(1, 0), P(0, 1), and P(1, 1) of pixel design 910with a switching element row inversion driving scheme. Display 930 couldhave thousands of rows with thousand of pixels on each row. The rows andcolumns would continue from the portion shown in FIG. 9( e) in themanner shown in FIG. 9( e). For clarity, the gate lines and source linesthat control the switching elements are omitted in FIG. 9( e).Furthermore, to better illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel isshaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 9( e) andhas no functional significance. In display 930 the pixels are arrangedso that pixels in a row alternate dot polarity patterns (positive ornegative) and pixels in a column also alternate between positive andnegative dot polarity pattern. Thus, pixels P(0, 0) and P(1, 1) havepositive dot polarity pattern and pixels P(0, 1) and P(1, 0) have thenegative dot polarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixelswill switch dot polarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has afirst dot polarity pattern when x+y is even and a second dot polaritypattern when x+y is odd.

Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned and separatedhorizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel are separatedfrom the left most color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dotspacing HDS1. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally aligned andseparated by a vertical dot spacing VDS3.

For display 930, the fringe field amplifying regions of a pixel usingpixel design 910 receives proper polarity from outside the pixel.Furthermore the fringe field amplifying regions within a pixel have bothpositive and negative polarity. Thus in display 930, each row of pixelshas two corresponding fringe field amplifying region switching elements,each of which is coupled to one of a pair of a fringe field amplifyingelectrode that extends across display 930. The fringe field amplifyingregions of the pixels in the corresponding row of pixels are coupled tothe appropriate fringe field amplifying electrode to receive polarityfrom the fringe field amplifying region switching elements. Specificallyfor row 0, fringe field amplifying region switching elements FFARSE_0_1and FFARSE_0_2 are on the left side of display 930. Fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_0_1 is coupled to fringe fieldamplifying region switching element FFARSE_0_1 and extends acrossdisplay 930. Fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_0_2 iscoupled to fringe field amplifying region switching element FFARSE_0_2and extends across display 930. As shown in FIG. 9( e), fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_2 of pixel P(0, 0) and fringe field amplifyingregions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(1, 0) are coupled to fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_(—)0_1. Conversely, fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 0) and fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_2 of pixel P(1, 0) are coupled to fringe fieldamplifying region electrode FFARE_0_2. As shown in FIG. 9( e), fringefield amplifying region switching elements FFARSE_0_1 has positivepolarity and FFARSE_0_2 has negative. However in the next frame thepolarities are reversed.

Specifically for row 1, fringe field amplifying region switchingelements FFARSE_1_1 and FFARSE_1_2 are on the right side of display 930.However, in another embodiment of the present invention the fringe fieldamplifying region switching elements are all located on the same side ofthe display. Fringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_1_1 iscoupled to fringe field amplifying region switching element FFARSE_1_1and extends across display 930. Fringe field amplifying region electrodeFFARE_1_2 is coupled to fringe field amplifying region switching elementFFARSE_1_2 and extends across display 930. As shown in FIG. 9( e),fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 of pixel P(0, 1) and fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(1, 1) are coupled tofringe field amplifying region electrode FFARE_1_1. Conversely, fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 of pixel P(0, 1) and fringefield amplifying region FFAR_2 of pixel P(1, 1) are coupled to fringefield amplifying region electrode FFARE_1_2. As shown in FIG. 9( e),fringe field amplifying region switching elements FFARSE_1_2 haspositive polarity and FFARSE_1_1 has negative. However in the next framethe polarities are reversed.

FIGS. 10( a) and 10(b) show the positive and negative dot polaritypatterns of a pixel design 1010. The layout of pixel design 1010 is verysimilar to pixel design 910 (FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b)). Thus for brevityonly the differences are described. Specifically, in pixel design 1010the color components and the fringe field amplifying regions are in thesame position as in pixel design 910. In addition switching elementsSE_1 and SE_3, and device component areas DCA_1 and DCA_3 are also inthe same location as in pixel design 910. However, in pixel design 1010,switching element SE_2 and device component area DCA_2 is located abovecolor component CC_2 and fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2. Thus,unlike the previous pixel design, the switching elements of pixel design1010 are in multiple rows. Specifically, the color components of pixeldesign 1010 are aligned in a line, the switching element SE1 and SE3 areon the first side of the line and switching element SE2 is on a secondside of the line. As explained above, each row of switching elements iscoupled to a single gate line. Furthermore, only one gate line is activeat a time. Thus, for pixel design 1010, switching element SE_2 is activeat a different time than switching elements SE_1 and SE_3. A drivingscheme that is well suited for pixel design 1010 is described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/751,469 entitled “Low Cost SwitchingElement Point Inversion Driving Scheme for Liquid Crystal Displays”, byHiap L. Ong, which is incorporated herein by reference.

In the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 1010+, which isillustrated in FIG. 10( a), color component CC_1 (i.e. color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2), color component CC_3 (i.e. color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2),fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2, and switching elements SE_1 andSE_3 have positive polarity. Color component CC_2 (i.e. color dotsCD_2_1 and CD_2_2), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3,and switching element SE_2 have negative polarity. In the negative dotpolarity pattern of pixel design 1010−, which is illustrated in FIG. 10(b), color component CC_1 (i.e. color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2), colorcomponent CC_3 (i.e. color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2), fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_2, and switching elements SE_1 and SE_3 havenegative polarity. Color component CC_2 (i.e. color dots CD_2_1 andCD_2_2), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3, andswitching element SE_2 have positive polarity.

FIGS. 10( c) and 10(d) show the positive and negative dot polaritypatterns of a pixel design 1020. The layout of pixel design 1020 is verysimilar to pixel design 910 (FIGS. 9( a) and 9(b)). Thus for brevityonly the differences are described. Specifically, in pixel design 1020the color components and fringe field amplifying portions are in thesame position as in pixel design 910. In addition switching elementsSE_2 and device component area DCA_2 are also in the same location as inpixel design 910. However, in pixel design 1020, switching elements SE_1and SE_3 and device component areas DCA_1 and DCA_3 is located abovecolor components CC_1 (and fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1) andCC_3 (and fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3), respectively. Thus,like pixel design 1010, the switching elements of pixel design 1020 arein multiple rows. In the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design1020+, which is illustrated in FIG. 10( c), color component CC_1 (i.e.color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2), color component CC_3 (i.e. color dotsCD_3_1 and CD_3_2), fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2, and switchingelements SE_1 and SE_3 have positive polarity. Color component CC_2(i.e. color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_2), fringe field amplifying regionsFFAR_1 and FFAR_3, and switching element SE_2 have negative polarity. Inthe negative dot polarity pattern of pixel design 1020−, which isillustrated in FIG. 10( d), color component CC_1 (i.e. color dots CD_1_1and CD_1_2), color component CC_3 (i.e. color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_2),fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2, and switching elements SE_1 andSE_3 have negative polarity. Color component CC_2 (i.e. color dotsCD_2_1 and CD_2_2), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3,and switching element SE_2 have positive polarity.

FIG. 10( e) shows a portion of a display 1050 that combines pixels usingpixel designs 1010 and pixel design 1020. For clarity, the gate linesand source lines that power the switching elements are omitted in FIG.10( e). To better illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel isshaded; this shading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 10( e)and has no functional significance. Each row of display 1050 hasalternating pixels of pixel design 1010 and pixel design 1020. Forexample in row 0, pixel P(0,0) uses pixel design 1010 and pixel P(1,0)uses pixel design 1020. Pixel P(2,0) (not shown) would use pixel design1010. Similarly, in row 1, pixel P(0,1) uses pixel design 1010 and pixelP(1,1) uses pixel design 1020, and pixel P(2, 1) (not shown) uses pixeldesign 1010. The pixels in a row of display 1050 are vertically alignedand horizontally separated by horizontal dot spacing HDS1 (not shown inFIG. 10( e)).

Within a column of pixels, the color components of the pixels arehorizontally aligned. However, the device component areas of the pixelsare horizontally interleaved. Specifically, the top device componentareas (and switching elements) of pixels in a first row are verticallyaligned with the bottom device component areas (and switching elements)of pixels in a second row (located above the first row). For example,device component area DCA_2 of pixel P(0, 0) is vertically aligned withdevice component areas DCA_1 and DCA_3 of pixel P(0, 1). Furthermore,device component area DCA_2 of pixel P(0, 0) is located in betweendevice component areas DCA_1 and DCA_3 of pixel P(0, 1).

The pixels in each column alternate between having the positive dotpolarity pattern and having the negative dot polarity pattern. Thus forexample, on column 0, pixel P(0, 0) has the positive dot polaritypattern and pixel P(0, 1) has the negative dot polarity pattern.Similarly on column 1, pixel P(1, 0) has the negative dot polaritypattern and pixel P(1, 1) has the positive dot polarity pattern.Furthermore, the pixels on each row also alternate between having thepositive dot polarity pattern and having the negative dot polaritypattern. Thus for example, on row 0, pixel P(0, 0) has the positive dotpolarity pattern and pixel P(1, 0) has the negative dot polaritypattern. Similarly on row 1, pixel P(0, 1) has the negative dot polaritypattern and pixel P(1, 1) has the positive dot polarity pattern. Ingeneral a pixel P(X,Y) in display 1050 uses pixel design 1010 where X iseven and uses pixel design 1020 where X is odd. Furthermore, pixelP(X,Y) has a first dot polarity pattern when X+Y is even and a seconddot polarity pattern when X+Y is odd. Due to the nature of the pixeldesigns, each row of switching element in display 1050 has the samepolarity. Thus, display 1050 uses a switching element row inversiondriving scheme. In a particular embodiment of the present invention,each color dot has a width of 43 micrometers and a height of 49micrometers. Each associated dot has a width of 43 micrometers and aheight of 39 micrometers. The horizontal and vertical dot spacing is 4micrometers.

As illustrated in FIG. 10( e), using the pixel designs described above,the color dots of display 1050 have opposite polarity as compared toneighboring polarized components. Thus, the fringe fields in each colordot are amplified to produce multiple liquid crystal domains.

FIGS. 11( a) and 11(b) show different dot polarity patterns of a pixeldesign 1110 (labeled 1110+ and 1110−) that can be used in displayshaving a switching element point inversion driving scheme. In actualoperation a pixel will switch between a first dot polarity pattern and asecond dot polarity pattern between each image frame. Specifically, inFIG. 11( a), pixel design 1110 has a positive dot polarity pattern (andis thus labeled 1110+) and in FIG. 11( b), pixel design 1110 has anegative dot polarity pattern (and is thus labeled 1110−). Furthermore,the polarity of each polarized component in the various pixel designsare indicated with “+” for positive polarity or “−” for negativepolarity.

Pixel design 1110 has three color components CC_1, CC_2 and CC_3. Eachof the three color components includes eight color dots. The largenumber of color dots in each color component makes pixel design 1110well suited for large screen displays. Pixel design 1110 also includes aswitching element (referenced as SE_1, SE_2, and SE_3) for each colorcomponent and a fringe field amplifying region (referenced as FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3) for each color component. Switching elements SE_1,SE_2, and SE_3 are arranged in a row. Device component areas DCA_1,DCA_2, and DCA_3 are defined around switching element SE_1, SE_2, andSE_3. Device component areas DCA_1, DCA_2, and DCA_3 have a devicecomponent area height DCAH and a device component width DCAW.

The eight color dots of first color component CC_1 of pixel design 1110dots arranged in an array having two columns of four color dots. The twocolumns are vertically aligned so that the eight color dots also formfour rows of color dots. The columns of color dots are separated by afirst horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Each vertically adjacent color dot ina column is separated by a first vertical dot spacing VDS1.Specifically, in the first column of color dots, color dot CD_1_1 isabove color dot CD_1_2, which is above color dot CD_1_3, which is abovecolor dot CD_1_4. In the second column of color dots, which is to theright of the first column of color dots and separated from the firstcolumn by first horizontal dot spacing HDS1, color dot CD_1_5 is abovecolor dot CD_1_6, which is above color dot CD_1_7, which is above colordot CD_1_8. (As explained above in the notation “color dot CD_X_Y”, Xspecifies a color component CC_X within a pixel, while Y specifies thecolor dots within color component CC_X.) The color dots are electricallycoupled along the outer edge of the array of color dots, except for thespace between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_5. Specifically, the bottomright corner of color dot CD_1_5 is coupled to the top right corner ofcolor dot CD_1_6; the bottom right corner of color dot CD_1_6 is coupledto the top right corner of color dot CD_1_7, the bottom right corner ofcolor dot CD_1_7 is coupled to the top right corner of color dot CD_1_8;the bottom left corner of color dot CD_1_8 is coupled to the bottomright corner of color dot CD_1_4; the top left corner of color dotCD_1_4 is coupled to the bottom left corner of color dot CD_1_3; the topleft corner of color dot CD_1_3 is coupled to the bottom left corner ofcolor dot CD_1_2; and the top left corner of color dot CD_1_2 is coupledto the bottom left corner of color dot CD_1_1. To lower manufacturingcost, the color dots and the connections between the color dots can beformed in a single metal process. However, some embodiments of thepresent invention may use different process steps to form the color dotsand to couple the color dots. Furthermore, some embodiments may couplethe color dots of the color component in different locations.

Device component area DCA_1, which is located below color dot CD_1_4 andcolor dot CD_1_8, is separated from color dot CD_1_4 and color dotCD_1_8 by a vertical dot spacing VDS2. Switching element SE_1 is locatedwithin device component area DCA_1. Switching element SE_1 is coupled tothe electrodes of the color dots of color component CC_1 (i.e. colordots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3, CD_1_4, CD_1_5, CD_1_6, CD_1_7, and CD_1_8)to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of the color dotsof color component CC_1. In some embodiments of the present invention,color dots may overlap the device component areas.

Similarly, second color component CC_2 of pixel design 1110 also haseight color dots arranged in an array having two columns of four colordots. The two columns are vertically aligned so that the eight colordots also form four rows of color dots. Specifically, in the firstcolumn of color dots, color dot CD_2_1 is above color dot CD_2_2, whichis above color dot CD_2_3, which is above color dot CD_2_4. In thesecond column of color dots, which is to the right of the first columnof color dots, color dot CD_2_5 is above color dot CD_2_6, which isabove color dot CD_2_7, which is above color dot CD_2_8. The color dotsare electrically coupled along the outer edge of the array of colordots, except for the space between color dots CD_2_1 and CD_2_5.Specifically, the bottom right corner of color dot CD_2_5 is coupled tothe top right corner of color dot CD_2_6; the bottom right corner ofcolor dot CD_2_6 is coupled to the top right corner of color dot CD_2_7,the bottom right corner of color dot CD_2_7 is coupled to the top rightcorner of color dot CD_2_8; the bottom left corner of color dot CD_2_8is coupled to the bottom right corner of color dot CD_2_4; the top leftcorner of color dot CD_2_4 is coupled to the bottom left corner of colordot CD_2_3; the top left corner of color dot CD_2_3 is coupled to thebottom left corner of color dot CD_2_2; and the top left corner of colordot CD_2_2 is coupled to the bottom left corner of color dot CD_2_1.

Device component area DCA_2, which is located below color dot CD_2_4 andcolor dot CD_2_8, is separated from color dot CD_2_4 and color dotCD_2_8 by vertical dot spacing VDS2. Switching element SE_2 is locatedwithin device component area DCA_2. Switching element SE_2 is coupled tothe electrodes of the color dots of color component CC_2 (i.e. colordots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_2_3, CD_2_4, CD_2_5, CD_2_6, CD_2_7, and CD_2_8)to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of the color dotsof color component CC_2. Second color component CC_2 is verticallyaligned with first color component CC_1 and separated from colorcomponent CC_1 by a second horizontal dot spacing HDS2, thus colorcomponents CC_2 and CC_1 are horizontally offset by a horizontal colorcomponent offset HCCO1, which is equal to a the sum of horizontal dotspacing HDS1 plus horizontal dot spacing HDS2 plus two times the colordot width CDW. In one embodiment of the present invention, horizontaldot spacing HDS2 is larger than horizontal dot spacing HDS1. In thisembodiment the larger distance allows a signal line, such as a sourceline for the switching elements, to run color component CC_1 and colorcomponent CC_2. The space between the columns of a color component canbe made smaller because fringe fiend amplifying regions can be formedusing ITO lines, which can be made thinner than signal lines.

Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dot CD_2_1 isvertically aligned with color dots CD_1_5 and horizontally separated byhorizontal dot spacing HDS2. Similarly, color dots CD_2_2, CD_2_3, andCD_2_4, are vertically aligned with color dots CD_1_6, CD_1_7, andCD_1_8, respectively, and horizontally separated by horizontal dotspacing HDS2.

Similarly, third color component CC_3 of pixel design 1110 also haseight color dots arranged in an array having two columns of four colordots. The two columns are vertically aligned so that the eight colordots also form four rows of color dots. Specifically, in the firstcolumn of color dots, color dot CD_3_1 is above color dot CD_3_2, whichis above color dot CD_3_3, which is above color dot CD_3_4. In thesecond column of color dots, which is to the right of the first columnof color dots, color dot CD_3_5 is above color dot CD_3_6, which isabove color dot CD_3_7, which is above color dot CD_3_8. The color dotsare electrically coupled along the outer edge of the array of colordots, except for the space between color dots CD_3_1 and CD_3_5.Specifically, the bottom right corner of color dot CD_3_5 is coupled tothe top right corner of color dot CD_3_6; the bottom right corner ofcolor dot CD_3_6 is coupled to the top right corner of color dot CD_3_7,the bottom right corner of color dot CD_3_7 is coupled to the top rightcorner of color dot CD_3_8; the bottom left corner of color dot CD_3_8is coupled to the bottom right corner of color dot CD_3_4; the top leftcorner of color dot CD_3_4 is coupled to the bottom left corner of colordot CD_3_3; the top left corner of color dot CD_3_3 is coupled to thebottom left corner of color dot CD_3_2; and the top left corner of colordot CD_3_2 is coupled to the bottom left corner of color dot CD_3_1.

Device component area DCA_3, which is located below color dot CD_3_4 andcolor dot CD_3_8, is separated from color dot CD_3_4 and color dotCD_3_8 by vertical dot spacing VDS2. Switching element SE_3 is locatedwithin device component area DCA_3. Switching element SE_3 is coupled tothe electrodes of the color dots of color component CC_3 (i.e. colordots CD_3_1, CD_3_2, CD_3_3, CD_3_4, CD_3_5, CD_3_6, CD_3_7, and CD_3_8)to control the voltage polarity and voltage magnitude of the color dotsof color component CC_3. Third color component CC_3 is verticallyaligned with second color component CC_2 and separated from colorcomponent CC_2 by horizontal dot spacing HDS2, thus color componentsCC_3 and CC_2 are horizontally offset by horizontal color componentoffset HCCO1. Specifically with regards to the color dots, color dotCD_3_1 is vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_5 and horizontallyseparated by horizontal dot spacing HDS2. Similarly, color dots CD_3_2,CD_3_3, and CD_3_4, are vertically aligned with color dots CD_2_6,CD_2_7, and CD_2_8, respectively, and horizontally separated byhorizontal dot spacing HDS2.

Pixel design 1110 also includes fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3. FIG. 11( c) shows a more detailed view of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixel design 110. For clarity fringefield amplifying regions FFAR_1 is conceptually divided into a firstvertical amplifying portion VAP_1, a first horizontal amplifying portionHAP_1, a second horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2, a third horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3, a fourth horizontal amplifying portion HAP_4,a fifth horizontal amplifying portion HAP_5, and a sixth horizontalamplifying portion HAP_6. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 isadjacent to vertical amplifying portion VAP_1 and extends to the left.Vertically, horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 is located approximatelyat one quarter of the height of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1 (i.e.VAP_H_1) from the top of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1. Horizontalamplifying portion HAP_2 is vertically centered on and extends to theleft of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1. Horizontal amplifying portionHAP_3 is vertically located approximately one quarter of the height ofvertical amplifying portion VAP_1 from the bottom of vertical amplifyingportion VAP_1 extends to the left of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1.Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_4 is vertically aligned withhorizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 and is adjacent to but extends tothe right of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1. Horizontal amplifyingportion HAP_5 is vertically aligned with horizontal amplifying portionHAP_2 and is adjacent to but extends to the right of vertical amplifyingportion VAP_1. Horizontal amplifying portion HAP_6 is vertically alignedwith horizontal amplifying portion HAP_3 and is adjacent to but extendsto the right of vertical amplifying portion VAP_1. As explained above,use of horizontal amplifying portions and vertical amplifying portionsallows clearer description of the placement of fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR1. Horizontal amplifying portions HAP_1, HAP_2, HAP_3, HAP_4,HAP_5, and HAP_6 have horizontal amplifying portion width HAP_W_1,HAP_W_2, HAP_W_3, HAP_W_4, HAP_W_5, and HAP_W_6 respectively, andhorizontal amplifying portion height HAP_H_1, HAP_H_2, HAP_H_3, HAP_H_4,HAP_H_5, and HAP_H_6, respectively. In the particular embodiment ofFIGS. 11( a)-11(d), the horizontal amplifying portion heights are thesame and the horizontal amplifying portion widths are the same. Verticalamplifying portions VAP_1 has vertical amplifying portion width VAP_W_1and vertical amplifying portion height VAP_H_1. Fringe field amplifyingregions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 have the same shape as fringe field amplifyingregion FFAR_1.

As shown in FIG. 11( a), fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2,and FFAR_3 are placed within color components CC_1, CC_2, and CC_3,respectively. Specifically, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 isplaced so that horizontal amplifying portion HAP_1 of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2and is separated from color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 by a vertical fringefield amplifying region spacing VFFARS. Horizontal amplifying portionHAP_1 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 does not extend to theend of the left side of color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2 due to theinterconnection between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_2. Similarly,horizontal amplifying portion HAP_2 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_2 and CD_1_3; horizontalamplifying portion HAP_3 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 liesin between color dots CD_1_3 and CD_1_4; horizontal amplifying portionHAP_4 of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 lies in between colordots CD_1_5 and CD_1_6; horizontal amplifying portion HAP_5 of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_6 andCD_1_7; and horizontal amplifying portion HAP_6 of fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1 lies in between color dots CD_1_7 and CD_1_8.Vertical amplifying portion VAP_1 of fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 is placed in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_5, in betweencolor dots CD_1_2 and CD_1_6, in between color dots CD_1_3 and CD_1_7,and in between color dots CD_1_4 and CD_1_8. Vertical amplifying portionVAP_1 is separated from the color dots by a horizontal fringe fieldamplifying region spacing HFFARS (not specifically labeled in FIG. 11(a)). Thus, fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 extends along the rightside and the bottom of color dot CD_1_1; the top, the right side, andthe bottom of color dots CD_1_2 and CD_1_3; the top and the right sideof CD_1_4; the left side and the bottom of color dot CD_1_5; the top,the left side, and the bottom of color dots CD_1_6 and CD_1_7; and thetop and left side of color dot CD_1_8.

Fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_2 and FFAR_3 is placed within colorcomponents CC_2 and CC_3, respectively, in the same manner as describedabove with respect to fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 and colorcomponent CC_1.

Pixel design 1110 is designed so that the fringe field amplifyingregions can receive polarity from an adjacent pixel. Specifically, afirst conductor is coupled to a fringe field amplifying region toreceive polarity from the pixel above the current pixel and a secondconductor is coupled to the switching element to provide polarity to afringe field amplifying region of a pixel below the current pixel. Forexample, conductor 1112, which is coupled to the electrode of fringefield amplifying region FFAR_1, extends upward to connect to theequivalent conductor of conductor 1113 of a pixel above the currentpixel to receive polarity. (see FIG. 11( d)). Conductor 1113, which iscoupled to switching element SE_1 extends downward to connect to theequivalent conductor of conductor 1112 in the pixel below the currentpixel. Conductors 1114 and 1115 serve the same purpose for fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_2 as conductors 1112 and 1113 for fringe fieldamplifying region FFAR_1. In addition, conductors 1116 and 1117 servethe same purpose for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3 as conductors1112 and 1113 for fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 11(a), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 1110+,switching elements SE_1, and SE_3; color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3,CD_1_4, CD_1_5, CD_1_6, CD_1_7, CD_1_8, CD_3_1, CD_3_2, CD_3_3, CD_3_4,CD_3_5, CD_3_6, CD_3_7, and CD_3_8; and fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_2 have positive polarity. However, switching element SE_2; colordots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_2_3, CD_2_4, CD_2_5, CD_2_6, CD_2_7, and CD_2_8;and fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 have negativepolarity.

FIG. 11( b) shows pixel design 1110 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, switching elements SE_1,and SE_3; color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3, CD_1_4, CD_1_5, CD_1_6,CD_1_7, CD_1_8, CD_3_1, CD_3_2, CD_3_3, CD_3_4, CD_3_5, CD_3_6, CD_3_7,and CD_3_8; and fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 have negativepolarity. However, switching element SE_2; color dots CD_2_1, CD_2_2,CD_2_3, CD_2_4, CD_2_5, CD_2_6, CD_2_7, and CD_2_8; and fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_1 and FFAR_3 have positive polarity.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 1110 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to further enhance theformation of multiple domain liquid crystal structure. In general, thepolarities of the polarized components are assigned so that a color dotof a first polarity has neighboring polarized components of the secondpolarity. More specifically for pixel design 1110, each color dot issurrounded on two or three sides by portions of a fringe fieldamplifying region of an opposite polarity. Furthermore, the color dotsalso are adjacent to a color dot of opposite polarity. For example forthe positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 1110 (FIG. 11( a)),color dot CD_1_6 has positive polarity and is adjacent to portions offringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 (which has a negative polarity)at the top, the left side, and bottom of color dot CD_1_6. Furthermore,color dot CD_2_2, which has a negative polarity, is on the right side ofcolor dot CD_1_6. Thus, the fringe field of color dot CD_1_6 isamplified.

Pixels using pixel design 1110 of FIGS. 11( a) and 11(b) can be used indisplays using switching element point inversion driving schemes. FIG.11( d) shows a portion of display 1120 using pixels P(10, 10), P(11,10), P(10, 11), and P(11, 11) of pixel design 1110 with a switchingelement point inversion driving scheme. Display 1120 could havethousands of rows with thousand of pixels on each row. The rows andcolumns would continue from the portion shown in FIG. 11( d) in themanner shown in FIG. 11( d). For clarity, the gate lines and sourcelines that control the switching elements are omitted in FIG. 11( d). Tobetter illustrate each pixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; thisshading is only for illustrative purposes in FIG. 11( d) and has nofunctional significance. Furthermore, due to space limitations, colordots are labeled with “X_Y” rather than “CD_X_Y” in FIG. 11( d).

In display 1120 the pixels are arranged so that pixels in a rowalternate dot polarity patterns (positive or negative) and pixels in acolumn also alternate between positive and negative dot polaritypattern. Thus, pixels P(10, 10) and P(11, 11) have positive dot polaritypattern and pixels P(10, 11) and P(11, 10) have the negative dotpolarity pattern. However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dotpolarity patterns. Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has a first dotpolarity pattern when x+y is even and a second dot polarity pattern whenx+y is odd. Pixels on each row of pixels are vertically aligned andseparated horizontally so that the right most color dots of a pixel areseparated from the leftmost color dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontaldot spacing HDS2. Pixels on a column of pixels are horizontally alignedand separated by a vertical dot spacing VDS3.

As stated above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive polarity from the switching elements of a second pixel. Forexample, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixelP(10, 10) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(10, 11) viaconductor 1112 of pixel P(10, 10) and conductor 1113 of pixel P(10, 11).Similarly, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 ofpixel P(10, 10) is coupled to switching elements SE_2 of pixel P(10, 11)via conductor 1114 of pixel P(10, 10) and conductor 1115 of pixel P(10,11). In addition, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3of pixel P(10, 10) is coupled to switching elements SE_3 of pixel P(10,11) via conductor 1117 of pixel P(10, 10) and conductor 1117 of pixelP(10, 11).

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, each color dot hasa width of 120 micrometers and a height of 360 micrometers. Each colordot has a width of 44 micrometers and a height of 66 micrometers. Eachfringe field amplifying region has a vertical amplifying portion widthof 5 micrometers, a vertical amplifying portion height of 5 micrometers,a horizontal amplifying portion width of 5 micrometers, a horizontalamplifying height of 5 micrometers. Horizontal dot spacing HDS1 is 17micrometers, horizontal dot spacing HDS2 is 16 micrometers, vertical dotspacing VDS1 is 17 micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS2 is 5micrometers, vertical dot spacing VDS3 is 18 micrometers, horizontalfringe field amplifying spacing HFFARS is 5 micrometers, and verticalfringe field amplifying spacing VFFARS is 6 micrometers.

Various other principles described above can also be used with pixeldesign 1110. For example, pixel design 1110 can easily be adapted foruse in displays having fringe field amplifying region switching elementsand fringe field amplifying regions electrodes. (See for example FIG. 7(e) or FIG. 9( e)). Furthermore, variants of pixel design 1110 can becreated as edge pixels.

FIG. 11( e) illustrate a top edge pixel design 1110_TE based on pixeldesign 1110. For brevity the description is not repeated and only thedifferences between top edge pixel designs 1110_TE and pixel design 1100are described.

Specifically, top edge pixel design 1110_TE uses a modified colorcomponent layout, slightly modified device component areas, as well as aslightly modified fringe field amplifying region as compared to pixeldesign 1110. All the color components and fringe field amplifyingregions of pixel design 1110_TE have the same modifications. For claritythe color components of pixel design 1110_TE are referred to as top edgecolor components and labeled as CC_TE_1, CC_TE_2, and CC_TE_3.Similarly, the fringe field amplifying regions pixel design 1110_TE arereferred to as a top edge fringe field amplifying region and labeledFFAR_TE_1, FFAR_TE_2, and FFAR_TE_3. Specifically, the way the coloreddots are coupled along the outer edge of the array of color dots ismodified. In particular in top edge color component CC_TE_1, color dotCD_1_1 is coupled to color dot CD_1_5, but color dot CD_1_7 is notcoupled to color dot CD_1_8 along the edge of the array of color dots.In addition, color dot CD_1_8 of top edge color component CC_TE_1 isnarrowed to make room for connectors 1132. Top edge color componentsCC_TE_2 and CC_TE 3 of pixel design 1110_TE are similarly modified.

Furthermore, the vertical amplifying portion of top edge fringe fieldamplifying portion FFAR_TE1_1 in between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_5 isshortened due to the coupling between color dots CD_1_1 and CD_1_5. Topedge fringe field amplifying portions FFAR_TE_2 and FFAR_TE_3 aresimilarly modified. In addition, device component areas DCA_TE_1,DCA_TE_2, and DCA_TE_3 of top edge pixel design 1110_TE are narrowed tomake room for connectors 1132, 1134, and 1136, respectively. Connectors1132, 1134, and 1136, are used to couple top edge fringe fieldamplifying regions FFAR_TE_1, FFAR_TE_2, and FFAR_TE_3 to colorcomponents CC_1, CC_2, and CC_3 of the pixel below the top edge pixel.

FIGS. 11( f) and 11(g) illustrate another top edge pixel design 1110_TE2and a top right corner pixel design 1110_TRC based on pixel design 1110.For brevity the description is not repeated and only the differencesbetween the edge pixel designs and pixel design 1100 are described.

Specifically, top edge pixel design 1110_TE2 uses a modified colorcomponent layout as well as a slightly modified fringe field amplifyingregion as compared to pixel design 1110. All the color components andfringe field amplifying regions of pixel design 1110_TE2 have the samemodifications. For clarity the color components of pixel design 1110_TE2are referred to as top edge color components and labeled as CC_TE2_1,CC_TE2_2, and CC_TE2_3. Similarly, the fringe field amplifying regionspixel design 1110_TE2 are referred to as a top edge fringe fieldamplifying region and labeled FFAR_TE2_1, FFAR_TE2_2, and FFAR_TE2_3.Specifically, the way the colored dots are coupled along the outer edgeof the array of color dots is modified. In particular in top edge colorcomponent CC_TE2_1, color dot CD_1_5 is coupled to color dot CD_1_1, butcolor dot CD_1_5 is not coupled to color dot CD_1_6 along the edge ofthe array of color dots. Top edge color components CC_TE2_2 and CC_TE2_3of pixel design 1110_TE2 are similarly modified. Furthermore, thehorizontal amplifying portion of top edge fringe field amplifyingportion FFAR_TE2_1 in between color dots CD_1_5 and CD_1_6 is extendedto the right edge of color dots CD_1_5 and CD_1_6. Top edge fringe fieldamplifying portions FFAR_TE2_2 and FFAR_TE2_3 are similarly modified. Aconnector 1142 couples top edge fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_TE2_1 to top edge color component CC_FE2_2. A connector 1143couples top edge fringe field amplifying region FFAR_TE2_2 to top edgecolor component CC_TE2_3. In addition a connector 1144 couples top edgefringe field amplifying region FFAR_TE2_3 to the left most colorcomponent of an adjacent pixel.

Top right corner pixel design 1110_TRC (FIG. 11( g)) is very similar totop edge pixel design 1110_TE2. For brevity the description is notrepeated and only the differences between top right corner pixel design1110_TRC and top edge pixel design 1110_TE2 are described.

Specifically, top right corner pixel design 1110_TRC uses a modifiedcolor component layout for the third color component as well as aslightly modified fringe field amplifying region for the third fringefield amplifying region as compared to pixel design 1110. For claritythe modified color component of pixel design 1110_TRC is referred to astop right corner color components and labeled as CC_TRC_3. Similarly,the third fringe field amplifying region pixel design 1110_TRC isreferred to as a top right corner fringe field amplifying region andlabeled FFAR_TRC_3. Specifically, the way the colored dots are coupledalong the outer edge of the array of color dots is modified. Inparticular in top right corner color component CC_TRC_3, color dotCD_3_5 is coupled to color dot CD_3_6, but color dot CD_3_2 is notcoupled to color dot CD_3_3 along the edge of the array of color dots.Furthermore, the horizontal amplifying portion of top right cornerfringe field amplifying portion FFAR_TRC_3 in between color dots CD_3_2and CD_3_3 is extended to the left edge of color dots CD_3_2 and CD_3_3.A connector 1148 couples top right corner fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_TRC_3 to top edge color component CC_FE2_2 (in the same pixel).

In addition, pixel design 1110 can be modified for displays usingswitching element row inversion driving schemes. FIGS. 11( h) and 11(i)show different dot polarity patterns of a pixel design 1150 (labeled1150+ and 1150−) that can be used in displays having a switching elementrow inversion driving scheme. Pixel Design 1150 has the same layout aspixel design 1150, thus for brevity the description is not repeated.However, pixel design 1150 differs from pixel design 1110 in thepolarity of the elements in pixel design 1150.

The polarities of the color dots, fringe field amplifying regions, andswitching elements are shown using “+” and “−” signs. Thus, in FIG. 11(h), which shows the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 1150+,all the switching elements of color dots have positive polarity and allthe fringe field amplifying regions have negative polarity.Specifically, switching elements SE_1, SE_2, SE_3; and color dotsCD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3, CD_1_4, CD_1_5, CD_1_6, CD_1_7, CD_1_8, colordots CD_2_1, CD_2_2, CD_2_3, CD_2_4, CD_2_5, CD_2_6, CD_2_7, CD_2_8,CD_3_1, CD_3_2, CD_3_3, CD_3_4, CD_3_5, CD_3_6, CD_3_7, and CD_3_8 havepositive polarity. However, fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1,FFAR_2, and FFAR_3 have negative polarity.

FIG. 11( i) shows pixel design 1150 with the negative dot polaritypattern. For the negative dot polarity pattern, all the switchingelements of color dots have negative polarity and all the fringe fieldamplifying regions have positive polarity. Specifically, switchingelements SE_1, SE_2, SE_3; and color dots CD_1_1, CD_1_2, CD_1_3,CD_1_4, CD_1_5, CD_1_6, CD_1_7, CD_1_8, color dots CD_2_1, CD_2_2,CD_2_3, CD_2_4, CD_2_5, CD_2_6, CD_2_7, CD_2_8, CD_3_1, CD_3_2, CD_3_3,CD_3_4, CD_3_5, CD_3_6, CD_3_7, and CD_3_8 have negative polarity.However, fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1, FFAR_2, and FFAR_3 havepositive polarity.

As explained above fringe fields in each of the color dots are amplifiedif adjacent components have opposite polarities. Pixel design 1150 makesuse of the fringe field amplifying regions to further enhance theformation of multiple domain liquid crystal structure. In general, thepolarities of the polarized components are assigned so that a color dotof a first polarity has neighboring polarized components of the secondpolarity. More specifically for pixel design 1110, each color dot issurrounded on two or three sides by portions of a fringe fieldamplifying region of an opposite polarity. Although, the color dots alsoare adjacent to another color dot of the same polarity, the distancebetween the color dots is greater than the distance between the colordot and the fringe field amplifying region. Thus, the fringe fieldamplifying region can still amplify the fringe field of the color dots.For example for the positive dot polarity pattern of pixel design 1110(FIG. 11( a)), color dot CD_1_6 has positive polarity and is adjacent toportions of fringe field amplifying regions FFAR_1 (which has a negativepolarity) at the top, the left side, and bottom of color dot CD_1_6.Although, color dot CD_2_2, which has also has the positive polarity, ison the right side of color dot CD_1_6, fringe field amplifying regionFFAR_1 still amplifies the fringe field of color dot CD_1_6 becausefringe fiend amplifying region FFAR_1 is closer to color dot CD_1_6 andis on multiple sides of color dot CD_1_6.

Pixels using pixel design 1150 of FIGS. 11( h) and 11(i) can be used indisplays using switching element row inversion driving schemes. FIG. 11(j) shows a portion of display 1160 using pixels P(10, 10), P(11, 10),P(10, 11), and P(11, 11) of pixel design 1130 with a switching elementrow inversion driving scheme. Display 1160 could have thousands of rowswith thousand of pixels on each row. The rows and columns would continuefrom the portion shown in FIG. 11( j) in the manner shown in FIG. 11(j). For clarity, the gate lines and source lines that control theswitching elements are omitted in FIG. 11( j). To better illustrate eachpixel, the area of each pixel is shaded; this shading is only forillustrative purposes in FIG. 11( j) and has no functional significance.Furthermore, due to space limitations, color dots are labeled with “X Y”rather than “CD_X_Y” in FIG. 11( j).

In display 1160 the pixels are arranged so that pixels in a row have thesame dot polarity patterns (positive or negative) and pixels in a columnalternate between positive and negative dot polarity pattern. Thus,pixels P(10, 10) and P(11, 10) have positive dot polarity pattern andpixels P(10, 11) and P(11, 11) have the negative dot polarity pattern.However, at the next frame the pixels will switch dot polarity patterns.Thus in general a pixel P(x, y) has a first dot polarity pattern when yis even and a second dot polarity pattern when y is odd. Pixels on eachrow of pixels are vertically aligned and separated horizontally so thatthe right most color dots of a pixel are separated from the leftmostcolor dot of an adjacent pixel by horizontal dot spacing HDS1. Pixels ona column of pixels are horizontally aligned and separated by a verticaldot spacing VDS3.

As stated above, the fringe field amplifying regions of a first pixelreceive polarity from the switching elements of a second pixel. Forexample, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_1 of pixelP(10, 10) is coupled to switching elements SE_1 of pixel P(10, 11) viaconductor 1112 of pixel P(10, 10) and conductor 1113 of pixel P(10, 11).Similarly, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_2 ofpixel P(10, 10) is coupled to switching elements SE_2 of pixel P(10, 11)via conductor 1114 of pixel P(10, 10) and conductor 1115 of pixel P(10,11). In addition, the electrode of fringe field amplifying region FFAR_3of pixel P(10, 10) is coupled to switching elements SE_3 of pixel P(10,11) via conductor 1117 of pixel P(10, 10) and conductor 1117 of pixelP(10, 11).

Even though, AIFF MVA LCDs in accordance with the present inventionprovide wide viewing angle at a low cost, some embodiments of thepresent invention use optical compensation methods to further increasethe viewing angle. For example, some embodiments of the presentinvention use negative birefringence optical compensation films withvertical oriented optical axis on the top or bottom substrate or bothtop and bottom substrates to increase viewing angle. Other embodimentsmay use uniaxial optical compensation films or biaxial opticalcompensation films with a negative birefringence. In some embodiments,positive compensation films with a parallel optical axis orientation canadd to the negative birefringence film with a vertical optical axisorientation. Furthermore, multiple films that include all combinationscould be used. Other embodiments may use a circular polarizer to improvethe optical transmission and viewing angle. Other embodiments may use acircular polarizer with the optical compensation films to furtherimprove the optical transmission and viewing angle. Furthermore, someembodiments of the present invention use black matrix (BM) to coverfringe field amplifying regions (FFARs) to make the fringe fieldamplifying regions opaque. Use of the black matrix improves the contrastratio of the display and may provide better color performance. In otherembodiments, some or all of the black matrix may be removed (or omitted)to make the fringe field amplifying regions transparent, which wouldimprove light transmittance in the display. Improved light transmittancecan lower the power requirements of the display.

In the various embodiments of the present invention, novel structuresand methods have been described for creating a multi-domain verticalalignment liquid crystal display without the use of physical features onthe substrate. The various embodiments of the structures and methods ofthis invention that are described above are illustrative only of theprinciples of this invention and are not intended to limit the scope ofthe invention to the particular embodiment described. For example, inview of this disclosure those skilled in the art can define other pixeldefinitions, dot polarity patterns, pixel designs, color components,fringe field amplifying regions, vertical amplifying portions,horizontal amplifying portions, polarities, fringe fields, electrodes,substrates, films, and so forth, and use these alternative features tocreate a method or system according to the principles of this invention.Thus, the invention is limited only by the following claims.

1. A display comprising: a first pixel having a first first-pixel colorcomponent having a first first-pixel-first-component color dot; a firstfirst-pixel fringe field amplifying region, wherein the firstfirst-pixel fringe field amplifying region extends along a first side ofthe first first-pixel-first-component color dot and a second side of thefirst first-pixel-first-component color dot; and a first first-pixelswitching element coupled to the first first-pixel color component; anda second pixel having a first second-pixel color component; a firstsecond-pixel fringe field amplifying region; and a first second-pixelswitching element.
 2. The display of claim 1, further comprising a firstfringe field amplifying region switching element coupled to the firstfirst-pixel fringe field amplifying region and the first second-pixelfringe field amplifying region.
 3. The display of claim 2, wherein thefirst first-pixel switching element and the first-second pixel switchingelement are configured to have a first polarity and the first fringefield amplifying region switching element is configured to have a secondpolarity.
 4. The display of claim 2, wherein the first pixel furthercomprises: a second first-pixel color component aligned with the firstfirst-pixel color component in a first dimension; a second first-pixelfringe field amplifying region aligned with the first first-pixel fringefield amplifying region in the first dimension; and a second fist-pixelswitching element coupled to the second first-pixel color component. 5.The display of claim 4 wherein the second pixel further comprises: asecond second-pixel color component aligned with the first second-pixelcolor component in a first dimension; a second second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region aligned with the first second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region in the first dimension; and a second second-pixelswitching element coupled to the second-pixel color component.
 6. Thedisplay of claim 5, wherein the second first-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region and the second second-pixel fringe field amplifyingregion are coupled to the first fringe field amplifying region switchingelement.
 7. The display of claim 2 further comprising: a third pixelhaving a first third-pixel color component; a first third-pixel fringefield amplifying region; and a first third-pixel switching elementcoupled to the first third-pixel color component; and a fourth pixelhaving a first fourth-pixel color component; a first fourth-pixel fringefield amplifying region; and a first fourth-pixel switching element;wherein the third pixel and the fourth pixel are on a second row of thedisplay.
 8. The display of claim 7, further comprising a second fringefield amplifying region switching element coupled to the firstthird-pixel fringe field amplifying region and the first fourth-pixelfringe field amplifying region.
 9. The display of claim 8, wherein thefirst first-pixel switching element, the first second-pixel switchingelement; and second fringe field amplifying region switching element areconfigured to have a first polarity and the first fringe fieldamplifying region switching element, the first third-pixel switchingelement, and the first fourth-pixel switching element are configured tohave a second polarity.
 10. The display of claim 1, wherein the firstpixel is on a first row of the display and the second pixel is on asecond row of the display.
 11. The display of claim 10, wherein thefirst second-pixel fringe field amplifying region is coupled to thefirst first-pixel color component.
 12. The display of claim 10, whereinthe first second-pixel fringe field amplifying region is coupled to thefirst first-pixel switching element.
 13. The display of claim 12,wherein the first first-pixel switching element is configured to have afirst polarity and the first second-pixel switching element isconfigured to have second polarity.
 14. The display of claim 12 whereinthe first pixel further comprises: a second first-pixel color componentaligned with the first first-pixel color component in a first dimension;a second first-pixel fringe field amplifying region aligned with thefirst first-pixel fringe field amplifying region in the first dimension;and a second fist-pixel switching element coupled to the secondfirst-pixel color component; and the second pixel further comprises: asecond second-pixel color component aligned with the first second-pixelcolor component in a first dimension; a second second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region aligned with the first second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region in the first dimension; and a second second-pixelswitching element coupled to the second-pixel color component.
 15. Thedisplay of claim 14, wherein the second second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region is coupled to the second first-pixel switchingelement.
 16. The display of claim 15, wherein the first first-pixelswitching element and the second first-pixel switching element isconfigured to have a first polarity and the first second-pixel switchingelement and the second second-pixel switching element are configured tohave second polarity.
 17. The display of claim 15, wherein the firstfirst-pixel switching element and the second second-pixel switchingelement is configured to have a first polarity and the firstsecond-pixel switching element and the second first-pixel switchingelement are configured to have second polarity.
 18. The display of claim14, further comprising a third pixel on a third row of the display;wherein the third pixel further comprises: a first third-pixel colorcomponent; a second third-pixel color component; a first third-pixelfringe field amplifying region; a second third-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region; a first third-pixel switching element coupled to thefirst third-pixel color component; and a second third-pixel switchingelement coupled to the second third-pixel color component.
 19. Thedisplay of claim 18, wherein the second second-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region is coupled the second third-pixel switching element.20. The display of claim 19, wherein the first third-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region is coupled to the first second-pixel switchingelement.
 21. The display of claim 20, wherein the first first-pixelswitching element, the second second-pixel switching element, and thefirst third-pixel switching element are configured to have a firstpolarity; and the second first-pixel switching element, the firstsecond-pixel switching element, and the second third-pixel switchingelement are configured to have a second polarity.
 22. The display ofclaim 20, wherein the first first-pixel switching element and the secondsecond-pixel switching element are aligned in the first dimension. 23.The display of claim 22, wherein the first second-pixel switchingelement and the second third-pixel switching element are aligned in thefirst dimension.
 24. The display of claim 1, wherein the firstfirst-pixel fringe field amplifying region comprises: a firstfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region vertical amplifyingportion extending vertically along the first side of the firstfirst-pixel-first-component color dot; and a firstfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending horizontally along the second side of the firstfirst-pixel-first-component color dot.
 25. The display of claim 24,wherein the first first-pixel color component further comprises a secondfirst-pixel-first-component color dot aligned with the firstfirst-pixel-first component color dot in a first dimension.
 26. Thedisplay of claim 25, wherein the firstfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extends between the first first-pixel-first-component color dotand the second first-pixel-first-component color dot.
 27. The display ofclaim 26, wherein the first first-pixel switching element is locatedwithin first-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontalamplifying portion.
 28. The display of claim 25, wherein the secondfirst-pixel-first-component color dot is located between the firstfirst-pixel-first-component color dot and the first first-pixelswitching element.
 29. The display of claim 25, wherein the firstfirst-pixel fringe field amplifying region further comprises a secondfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending horizontally along a third side of the secondfirst-pixel-first-component color dot.
 30. The display of claim 29,wherein the first first-pixel fringe field amplifying region furthercomprises a third first-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-regionhorizontal amplifying portion extending horizontally along a third sideof the first first-pixel-first-component color dot.
 31. The display ofclaim 30, wherein the first the first first-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region further comprises a secondfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region vertical amplifyingportion extending vertically along a fourth side of the firstfirst-pixel-first-component color dot and a fourth side of the secondfirst-pixel-first-component color dot.
 32. The display of claim 29,wherein the first first-pixel color component further comprises a thirdfirst-pixel-first-component color dot aligned with the firstfirst-pixel-first component color dot in the first dimension.
 33. Thedisplay of claim 32, wherein the secondfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extends along a first side of the thirdfirst-pixel-first-component color dot and wherein the firstfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region vertical amplifyingportion extends along a second side of the thirdfirst-pixel-first-component color dot.
 34. The display of claim 26,wherein the first first-pixel color component further comprises: a thirdfirst-pixel-first-component color dot aligned with the firstfirst-pixel-first component color dot in a second dimension; a fourthfirst-pixel-first-component color dot aligned with the secondfirst-pixel-first component color dot in a second dimension and alignedwith the third first-pixel-first-component color dot in the firstdimension.
 35. The display of claim 34, wherein the firstfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region vertical amplifyingportion extends between the second first-pixel-first-component color dotand the fourth first-pixel-first-component color dot.
 36. The display ofclaim 35, wherein the first first-pixel fringe field amplifying regionfurther comprises a secondfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending between the third first-pixel-first-component colordot and the fourth first-pixel-first-component color dot.
 37. Thedisplay of claim 36, wherein the first first-pixel color componentfurther comprises: a fifth first-pixel-first-component color dot alignedwith the second first-pixel-first component color dot in the firstdimension; a sixth first-pixel-first-component color dot aligned withthe fourth first-pixel-first component color dot in the first dimensionand aligned with the fifth first-pixel-first-component color dot in thefirst dimension; wherein the first first-pixel fringe field amplifyingregion further comprises a thirdfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending between the second first-pixel-first-component colordot and the fifth first-pixel-first-component color dot; and a fourthfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending between the fourth first-pixel-first-component colordot and the sixth first-pixel-first-component color dot; and wherein thefirst first-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region verticalamplifying portion extends between the fifth first-pixel-first-componentcolor dot and the sixth first-pixel-first-component color dot.
 38. Thedisplay of claim 37, wherein the first first-pixel color componentfurther comprises: a seventh first-pixel-first-component color dotaligned with the second first-pixel-first component color dot in thefirst dimension; a eighth first-pixel-first-component color dot alignedwith the sixth first-pixel-first component color dot in the firstdimension and aligned with the fifth first-pixel-first-component colordot in the first dimension; wherein the first first-pixel fringe fieldamplifying region further comprises a fifthfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending between the fifth first-pixel-first-component colordot and the seventh first-pixel-first-component color dot; and a sixthfirst-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region horizontal amplifyingportion extending between the sixth first-pixel-first-component colordot and the eighth first-pixel-first-component color dot; and whereinthe first first-pixel-first-fringe-field-amplifying-region verticalamplifying portion extends between the seventhfirst-pixel-first-component color dot and the eighthfirst-pixel-first-component color dot.